Viruses: Essential Agents of Life

A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts or co-evolutionary partners of host organisms. There is incr

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Günther Witzany Editor

Viruses: Essential Agents of Life

Editor Günther Witzany Telos – Philosophische Praxis Bürmoos, Austria

ISBN 978-94-007-4898-9 ISBN 978-94-007-4899-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951571 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

When I finished my studies in philosophy of science in the early 1980s, focusing on the outcomes of the scientific discourse on the philosophy of language and communication between 1920 and 1980, some editions of Scientific American happened to attract my attention. In a variety of articles on cellular and genetic processes by different authors, some of them Nobel Laureates, I found an astonishing vocabulary: genetic code, code without commas, misreading of the genetic code, coding, copying, open reading frame, genetic storage medium DNA, genetic information, genetic alphabet, genetic expression, messenger RNA, cell-to-cell communication, immune response, transcription, translation, nucleic acid language, amino acid language, recognition sequences, recognition sites, protein coding sequences, repeat sequences, signal transduction, signalling pathways. All t