Visual discrimination and resolution in freshwater stingrays ( Potamotrygon motoro )
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Visual discrimination and resolution in freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) Martha M. M. Daniel1 · Laura Alvermann1 · Imke Böök1 · Vera Schluessel1 Received: 24 July 2020 / Revised: 30 September 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Potamotrygon motoro has been shown to use vision to orient in a laboratory setting and has been successfully trained in cognitive behavioral studies using visual stimuli. This study explores P. motoro’s visual discrimination abilities in the context of two-alternative forced-choice experiments, with a focus on shape and contrast, stimulus orientation, and visual resolution. Results support that stingrays are able to discriminate stimulus-presence and -absence, overall stimulus contrasts, two forms, horizontal from vertical stimulus orientations, and different colors that also vary in brightness. Stingrays tested in visual resolution experiments demonstrated a range of visual acuities from
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