Walking through the wonder years of artificial DNA: peptide nucleic acid
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REVIEW
Walking through the wonder years of artificial DNA: peptide nucleic acid Rohit Patel1 · Sameera Sarma1 · Arpit Shukla1 · Paritosh Parmar1 · Dweipayan Goswami1 · Meenu Saraf1 Received: 18 April 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) serves as an artificial functional analog of DNA. Being immune to enzymatic degradation and possessing strong affinity towards DNA and RNA, it is an ideal candidate for many medical and biotechnological applications that are of antisense and antigene in nature. PNAs are anticipated to have its application in DNA and RNA detection as well as quantification, to serve as antibacterial and antiviral agents, and silencing gene for developing anticancer strategies. Although, their restricted entry in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells limit their applications. In addition, aggregation of PNA in storage containers reduces the quality and quantity of functional PNA that makes it inadequate for their mass production and storage. To overcome these limitations, researchers have modified PNA either by the addition of diverse functional groups at various loci on its backbone, or by synthesizing chimeras with other moieties associated with various delivery agents that aids their entry into the cell. Here, this review article summarizes few of the structural modifications that are performed with PNA, methods used to improve their cellular uptake and shedding light on the applications of PNA in various prospects in biological sciences. Keywords Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) · Cellular delivery · Bio-medical applications · Biosensors · Cell penetrating peptides · Xeno nucleic acid (XNA)
Introduction The stability, flexibility, and widespread applications of artificial nucleic acids, known as Xeno-Nucleic Acids (XNA) has piqued researchers and scientists globally, resulting in the development of diverse XNA molecules. Common applications of XNA are found in various fields such as * Meenu Saraf [email protected] Rohit Patel [email protected] Sameera Sarma [email protected] Arpit Shukla [email protected] Paritosh Parmar [email protected] Dweipayan Goswami [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
pharmaceuticals, medical, biotechnology, and nanotechnology, however, limited understanding of how these structural and functional analogs of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) will react, once introduced in cellular system, drastically limits their in vivo applications [1]. Therefore, only the known and well-studied artificial oligonucleotides are preferred, one such widely studied and exploited XNA is Peptide or Polyamide Nucleic Acid (PNA). PNA is a neutral, achiral functional analogue with a modified backbone that has found extensive widespread applications across various disciplines. Unlike other XNAs such as arabinose (ANA), 2′-fluoroarabinose (FNA), threose (TNA),
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