Water Balance Study for a Basin Integrating Remote Sensing Data and GIS
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Water Balance Study for a Basin Integrating Remote Sensing Data and GIS Sanjay Kumar Jain & Sharad K. Jain & V. Hariprasad & Anju Choudhry
Received: 3 September 2009 / Accepted: 2 June 2010 / Published online: 17 February 2011 # Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2011
Abstract Water balance of a basin involves estimation of input precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration (ET). Although ET may have large variations over a big basin, it is commonly estimated using a few point measurements and this makes the estimation error prone. Satellite based remote sensing data provides few parameters for estimation of energy fluxes, at the land surface and atmosphere interaction in a distributed manner using the meteorological parameters. These parameters through surface energy balance equation have been used for the estimation of ET in this study. Various spatially distributed variables required for ET estimation; viz. NDVI, surface albedo, surface temperature etc. have been derived using remote sensing and ancillary data for Tapi basin located in western India. Beside this field data such as rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours etc. have been used. For computation of runoff, Soil Conservation Services (SCS) approach has been considered. Tapi basin up to Ukai dam has been selected as the study area. Satellite data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite, which carries S. K. Jain (*) : S. K. Jain : A. Choudhry National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India e-mail: [email protected] V. Hariprasad National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad, India
the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), have been used for preparation of various maps required for runoff and ET analysis. The results of runoff and ET have been compared with observed data for 2 years, 2002–2003 and the results have been found in good agreement with observed data. Keywords Satellite . ET . Tapi . Runoff . NDVI . NOAA
Introduction The precipitation that falls upon land and is the ultimate source for surface and ground water resources is partitioned several ways. A sizeable portion is intercepted by the vegetal cover or temporarily detained in surface depressions. Most of it is later lost through evaporation. When the available interception or the depression storage of the basin is completely exhausted and the rainfall intensity at the soil surface exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soils, the overland flow begins. Once the overland flow reaches a stream channel, it is known as surface run-off, which together with the other components of flow, forms the total run-off. A part of the water that infiltrates into the soil may continue to move laterally at shallow depth as interflow owing to the presence of relatively impervious lenses just below the soil surface and may eventually reach the stream channel where it is called
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the sub-surface runoff. A part of the sub-surface runoff may enter the stream promptly, whereas the remainin
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