Water Resource Transfer in Central Asia: Projects, Results, and Perspectives
Nowadays water availability has become the crucial issue in many countries of Central Asia. The uneven territorial spreading of water resources and their insufficiency and permanently growing water consumption create rivalry in water demand at the nationa
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 First Water Transfer Projects 3 Large-Scale Projects of the Soviet Period 4 Megaprojects: The Dreams and Reality 5 Conclusions References
Abstract Nowadays water availability has become the crucial issue in many countries of Central Asia. The uneven territorial spreading of water resources and their insufficiency and permanently growing water consumption create rivalry in water demand at the national and regional levels. Water deficit and deteriorating water quality are the serious challenges that have been faced by many countries of this region. The key issue for stabilizing the situation inside Central Asia is to find ways to increase available resources. In some countries the possibilities for inter-basin transfers of river flow and rational water management within a territory have been nearly exhausted which
I. S. Zonn (*) Engineering Research Production Center for Water Management, Land Reclamation and Ecology “Soyuzvodproject”, Moscow, Russia S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] A. G. Kostianoy P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] A. V. Semenov S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Igor S. Zonn, Sergey S. Zhiltsov, Andrey G. Kostianoy, and Aleksandr V. Semenov (eds.), Water Resources Management in Central Asia, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_600, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
I. S. Zonn et al.
forces to initiate studies and to launch projects on joint use of water resources based on inter-zonal (interstate) river flow transfers. Analysis of the dynamics and forecasts of water consumption proves that in the coming millennium, mankind will be preoccupied with finding solutions to water resource problems. For the world community, this will be a period of mutually beneficial joint use of water resources by states on the basis of large-scale inter-zonal conveyance of water from water surplus rivers to water-deficit regions. Keywords Central Asia, Ecology, Megaprojects, Water resources, Water transfer
1 Introduction Water availability is one of the crucial components in the national security framework as it is connected with food supply reliability. Uneven spatial distribution of surface flow and its mismatching of the requirements of economic development are most typical of the water management situation in many world countries. The quantity of available natural water resources does not correspond to the objectives of state social and economic programs. Therefore, there is a need in large-scale redistribution of water resources within a territory – by flow transfer from water surplus areas. River water conveyance from donor to recipient basins is not quite new alternative to improve water availability in some areas. In the Central Asian countries, the irrigated farming is the main user of water. Its development depends on natural conditions, i.e., whether or not it belongs to a zone of insufficient moistening or a “water hung
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