Waterborne agrichemicals compromise the anti-predatory behavior of zebrafish
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Waterborne agrichemicals compromise the anti-predatory behavior of zebrafish Aline Pompermaier 1,2 & Karina Kirsten 3 & Suelen Mendonça Soares 3 & Milena Fortuna 3 & Fabiana Kalichak 4 & Renan Idalencio 5 & Gessi Koakoski 2,5 & Rodrigo Egydio Barreto 6 & Leonardo José Gil Barcellos 1,2,3,5 Received: 9 December 2019 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Due to human activities, there is an increasing presence of agrochemicals residues in water bodies, which could be attributed to an increased use of these chemicals, incorrect disposal of packaging materials, and crop leaching. The effects of these residues on prey-predator relationship of aquatic animals are poorly known. Here, we show that fish acutely exposed to glyphosate, 2,4-D, and methylbenzoate-based agrichemicals have their anti-predatory responses impaired. We exposed zebrafish to sub-lethal concentrations of agrichemicals and evaluated their behavioral reaction against a simulated bird predatory strike. We observed that agrichemical-exposed fish spent more time in a risky area, suggesting that the pesticides interfered with their ability of risk perception. Our results highlight the impairment and environmental consequences of agrochemical residues, which can affect aquatic life and crucial elements for life (food web) such as the prey-predator relationship. Keywords Danio rerio . Prey-predatorrelationship . Environmental contamination . Pesticide residues . 2,4-D . Methylbenzoate . Glyphosate
Introduction
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Leonardo José Gil Barcellos [email protected] 1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
2
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
3
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
4
Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdades Integradas do Vale do Iguaçu (Uniguaçu), Rua Padre Saporiti, 717, Rio D’Areia, União da Vitória, PR 84600-904, Brazil
5
Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
6
Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, CAUNESP, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil
The behavior is the link between the organism’s internal processes and the animal’s interaction with the environment (Orger and De Polavieja 2017; Clift et al. 2014). Thus, intact behavioral repertoire has consequences for fitness, because it impacts fish survival and reproduction, at both the individual and population levels (Stewart et al. 2013). The chemical agents present in the water can alter adaptive behaviors of fish, impairing their response to stressful stimuli (Barcellos et al. 2014; Koakoski et al. 2014; Barcellos et al
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