ZnO-Based Catalyst for Photodegradation of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution Under Simulated Solar Light Using a Contin
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04478-w Ó 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
ZINC OXIDE NANOTECHNOLOGY
ZnO-Based Catalyst for Photodegradation of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution Under Simulated Solar Light Using a Continuous Flow Method AHED H. ZYOUD ,1,6 HALA SALAH,1 SHAHER H. ZYOUD,2 SAMER H. ZYOUD,3 MUATH H. HELAL,4 NASER QAMHIEH,5 ABDULRAZACK HAJAMOHIDEEN,5 HEBA NASSAR,1 and HIKMAT S. HILAL1 1.—SSERL, Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2.—Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine. 3.—Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates. 4.—College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. 5.—Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. 6.—e-mail: [email protected]
ZnO nanoparticles, stacked on the bottom of a glass dish, were used as a catalyst for the photodegradation of aqueous 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) contaminant. Solutions of 2-CP at different concentrations and pH values were passed over the ZnO film under simulated solar light. The effect of the light intensity on the contaminant photodegradation rate was investigated. The photodegradation efficiency was evaluated based on the percentage degradation, turnover number, turnover frequency, and quantum yield. The reaction efficiency parameters showed no significant variation when changing the pH across moderate values (neutral, slightly basic, and slightly acidic). Complete mineralization of the contaminant to CO2, H2O, and other minerals was confirmed by various analytical methods including high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and total organic carbon measurements. The continuous flow method applied in this work showed promising results in terms of safe removal of 2-CP from water at laboratory scale. More study of this method is needed to enable its use at larger, pilot plant scale.
INTRODUCTION Industrial wastewater is considered to be a major source of pollution to the aquatic environment. It is the main source of organic toxic compounds that reach natural water sources. Organic contaminants may include different types of hazardous material such as herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, dyes, and pharmaceutical residues.1–3 Wastewater treatment has thus become a global issue. Different methods have been applied for water treatment, including adsorption, membrane separation, electrodialysis, integration of electrooxidation, and ozonation.4,5 However, most existing wastewater
(Received August 18, 2020; accepted October 27, 2020)
treatment techniques suffer from limitations for removal of poorly biodegradable organic substances.6 Extensive research is in progress to overcome the inherent deficiencies and limitations of existing technologies. Advanced oxidation technology,7,8 mainly relying on photodegradation using semiconductor nanomaterials, has emerged as an efficient tech
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