Synthesis and Application of Fe-Doped TiO 2 Nanoparticles for Photodegradation of 2,4- D from Aqueous Solution
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Synthesis and Application of Fe-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for Photodegradation of 2,4-D from Aqueous Solution Roya Ebrahimi1 · Afshin Maleki1 Seung-Mok Lee3 · Ali Jafari4
· Reza Rezaee1 · Hiua Daraei1 · Mahdi Safari1 · Gordon McKay2 ·
Received: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) is a toxic herbicide used to control weeds in agricultural sector. However, its residuals in soil and water are harmful for human and aquatic life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D from aqueous solution using the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles in the presence of UV and sunlight irradiation. The nanoparticles were synthesized via a mild hydrothermal process. The characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The effects of different parameters, including pH, nanoparticle dosage, initial 2,4-D concentration and dopant percentage on the degradation of 2,4-D, were investigated. The results demonstrated that the successfully doped nanoparticles had likely pseudo-spherical morphology. The optimum conditions for photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D obtained at pH 7, nanoparticle dosage 0.4 g/l, initial 2,4-D concentration 10 mg/l, dopant percentage 1.5% and contact time 120 min. Under the optimal conditions, the photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 2,4-D under UV and sunlight irradiation were 65 and 72%, respectively. In addition, the findings showed that 2,4-D degradation efficiency increased with increasing dosage of nanoparticles, while it decreased with increasing initial concentration of 2,4-D and initial pH. Therefore, the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles could be used for the photodegradation of 2,4-D, and it is recommended for the degradation of other organic pollutants from aqueous media especially in tropical areas where a free energy source, i.e., sunlight, is available. Keywords Photocatalysis · Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticle · Herbicide degradation · Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid · Sunlight
1 Introduction 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a toxic herbicide belonging to the phenoxyacetic acid group and is widely used in agriculture around the world to destroy weeds [1, 2]. Due
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Afshin Maleki [email protected] Gordon McKay [email protected]
1
Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
2
Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University Education City Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, South Korea
4
School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
to its high solubility in water and low tendency for combination with organic matter, this herbicide i
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