5-Hydroxymethylfurfural inhibits Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms: an in vitro study
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ORIGINAL PAPER
5‑Hydroxymethylfurfural inhibits Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms: an in vitro study Karuppiah Vijayakumar1 · Ramanathan Thirunanasambandham1 Received: 4 April 2020 / Revised: 12 September 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study was aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural against Acinetobacter baumanni and Vellar estuary isolates v3 (Acinetobacter nosocomialis). The biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) of 5HMF against A. baumannii and v3 (A. nosocomialis) was found to be 100 µg/ml) exhibited non-bactericidal concentrationdependent antibiofilm activities against Acinetobacter species. The present study found that 5HMF treatment is very effective in the initial stage of A. baumannii biofilms and it significantly disrupted the mature biofilms. Moreover, 5HMF treatment inhibited the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), including polysaccharides and proteins production. Results from gene expression and in vitro assays further demonstrated the 5HMF treatment downregulated the expression of bfmR, bap, csuA/B, ompA and katE virulence genes, which consistently affects biofilm formation and its mediated virulence property. The present study suggests that 5HMF unveil its antibiofilm activity by interfering initial biofilm formation and suppressing the virulence regulator genes in A. baumannii. Further studies are required to explore the 5HMF mode of action responsible for the antibiofilm activity. Keywords Acinetobacter baumannii · 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural · Acinetobacter nosocomialis · Antibiofilm activity · Virulence genes expression
Introduction Acinetobacter species have recognized as one of the highpriority nosocomial acquired pathogens, it causing several infections with mortality and economic burdens (Peleg et al. 2008). Among them, Acinetobacter baumannii is frequently found in the clinical specimens and it exhibits several infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, respiratory tract and urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (Zarrilli et al. 2009; Nemec et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2017). The previous study documented the mortality rates of A. baumannii, the data revealed that 40–70% of patients affected by VAP and 28–43% of patients affected by bloodstream infections, respectively (Garnacho et al. 2003; Wareham et al. 2008). In recent times, A. Communicated by Erko stackebrandt. * Karuppiah Vijayakumar [email protected] 1
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, Parangipettai 608 502, India
baumannii has resistance towards commercial antibiotics such as polymyxins, tigecycline, penicillin, cephalosporin and carbapenems, owing to the biofilm formation, development of efflux pumps, modify porin proteins and synthesis beta-lactamases (Mah and O’Toole 2001; Peleg et al. 2008). Biofilm is a surface-attached microbial community established by self-synthesized extracellular polymeric substances (E
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