A bottom-up clustering approach to identify bus driving patterns and to develop bus driving cycles for Hong Kong
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A bottom-up clustering approach to identify bus driving patterns and to develop bus driving cycles for Hong Kong Hing Yan Tong 1 & Ka Wai Ng 1 Received: 5 September 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bus transport has been an important mode taking up a significant share of urban travel demand and thus the corresponding impacts on the environment are of great concerns. Use of driving cycles to evaluate the environmental impacts of buses has attracted much attention in recent years worldwide. The franchised bus service is currently playing important roles in the public transport system in Hong Kong; however, there is no driving cycle developed specifically for them. A set of bus driving cycle was therefore developed using a bottom-up approach where driving data on the bus network with mixed characteristics were collected. Using the Ward’s method for clustering, the collected data were then categorized into three clusters representing distinct franchised bus route patterns in Hong Kong. Driving cycles were then developed for each route pattern including (i) congested urban routes with closely spaced bus stops and traffic junctions; (ii) inter-district routes containing a number of stopand-go activities and a significant portion of smoother high speed driving; and (iii) early morning express routes and mid-night routes connecting remote residential areas and urban areas. These cycles highlighted the unique low-speed and aggressive driving characteristics of bus transport in Hong Kong with frequent stop-and-go activities. The findings from this study would definitely be helpful in assessing the exhaust emissions, fuel consumptions as well as energy consumptions of bus transport. The bottom-up clustering approach adopted in this study would also be useful in identifying specific driving patterns based on vehicle speed trip data with mixed driving characteristics. It is believed that this approach is especially suitable for assessing fixed route public transport modes with mixed driving characteristics. Keywords Bus driving patterns . Driving cycles . Vehicle specific power (VSP) . GPS data collection . Cluster analysis . Vehicle emissions and energy consumption
Introduction Research on the development and applications of driving cycles has been increasingly getting more attention in recent years. A number of large-scale studies on driving cycles have been undergoing in different parts of the world in the past decade such as the Worldwide Harmonised Light Duty Driving Test Cycles (WLTC) for light duty vehicles (Tutuianu et al. 2014) as well as in different cities in Europe,
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Hing Yan Tong [email protected] 1
College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 8 Hung Lok Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
Brazil, Thailand, India, and different parts of the mainland China. These driving cycles have also been developed for different uses rang
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