A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Prenatal Depression in Spain and Mexico
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A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Prenatal Depression in Spain and Mexico Rosa Marcos-Na´jera1 • Marı´a Fe Rodrı´guez-Mun˜oz1 Ma. Asuncio´n Lara2 • Laura Navarrete2 • Huynh-Nhu Le3
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Accepted: 6 October 2020 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The prevalence and risk factors associated with prenatal depression among Spanish-speaking women in Spain and Mexico are examined and compared through a cross-cultural study. The study utilizes secondary data from 563 participants who received prenatal care in Madrid (N = 283) and in Mexico City (N = 280), assessed with the PHQ-9 and the PDPI-R. Spanish women reported a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (10.0%) than Mexican women (20.3%). Regression analyses showed that previous prenatal anxiety and lack of family emotional support were common risk factors to the two countries. Within each country, significant risk factors included: (a) previous depression history (b = 0.224; p \ 0.001) in Spain; and (b) unplanned pregnancy (b = - 0.116; p \ 0.027), lack of emotional support from others (b = 0.129; p \ 0.032), marital dissatisfaction (b = 0.186; p \ 0.009), and life stress due to financial problems (b = 0.117; p \ 0.026), and life stress due to marital problems (b = 0.114; p \ 0.040) in Mexico. Health professionals can tailor interventions to their particular risk factors to reduce the adverse effects on mothers and infants. Keywords Prenatal depression Prevalence Risk factors Spain Mexico
& Marı´a Fe Rodrı´guez-Mun˜oz [email protected] 1
Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluacio´n y Tratamiento Psicolo´gico, Facultad de Psicologı´a, Universidad Nacional de Educacio´n a Distancia, C/Juan del Rosal no 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2
Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatrı´a Ramo´n de la Fuente Mun˜iz, Ciudad de Me´xico, Mexico
3
Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, USA
123
Cult Med Psychiatry
Introduction Depression during pregnancy is a major public health concern because of its scope and deleterious effects on postpartum depression, early child development, and perinatal outcomes (Field 2011, 2017). There is now ample evidence that depression occurring during pregnancy can increase the risk of pathology in the child and that this effect can be long lasting through adolescence (Glover et al. 2018). In most parts of the world pregnancy and procreation are highly valued, although though many contextual and environmental factors may affect mothering and perception of the maternal role. For example, pregnancy is not experienced as a joyous time for women whose pregnancies are not desired. Pregnancy is a high-risk period for mood disorders, and research has mostly focused on the postpartum period (Okagbue et al. 2019; Rodrı´guez-Mun˜oz et al. 2018). The prevalence rate for prenatal depression—depression that occurs during pregnancy—ranges from 6% to 38% depending on the country and measurement methodologies involved (Field 2011), with a mean prevalence of 16.4%
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