A Green Method toward Graphene Oxide Reduction by Extracellular Polymeric Substances Assisted with NH 4 +
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CHEMISTRY
A Green Method toward Graphene Oxide Reduction by Extracellular Polymeric Substances Assisted with NH4 + Han Wang1,2 · Wuji Huang1,2 · Shiyi Huang5 · Ling Xia1,2 Lang Yang1,4
· Xinyue Liu1,2 · Yinta Li6 · Shaoxian Song1,3,4 ·
Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) occur naturally and widely on the surface of microbial cells; their reducibility may play a crucial role in graphene oxide reduction. In this work, the conversion of graphene oxide (GO) into reduction graphene oxide (rGO) with EPS (extracted from Bacillus sp.NT 10) as green reductant had been conducted to explore their potential application for graphene preparation. The results showed the GO could be reduced by EPS, especially in the presence of NH4 + , and a synergetic effect was found between EPS and NH4 + . Further studies hinted the rGO could be also obtained from GO by EPS reduction even under a mild alkaline condition (pH 8), lightly higher room temperature (40 °C) and a certain amount of time (24 h). The good reduction performance was found to be ascribed to the real deoxygenation of oxygenous functional groups and restoration of electronic conjugation within GO, according to the analysis of XRD, XPS and FT-IR as well as Raman spectra, while the electron-rich tryptophan-like protein and aromatic protein on the surface of EPS as well as the assistance of NH4 + should account for the deoxygenation and restoration in terms of the detection on Zeta potential, AFM and 3D-EEM. These findings revealed the reduction of GO with EPS would be a green, environment-friendly and promising path to obtain rGO, which may open a novel route for the preparing graphene alternatively. Keywords Graphene oxide · Reduction · Graphene · Extracellular polymeric substances · Ammonia
1 Introduction
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Ling Xia [email protected] Lang Yang [email protected]
1
Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
2
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
3
Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for High Efficient Utilization of Vanadium Resources, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
4
Doctorado Institucional de Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Sierra Leona 530, San Luis Potosi 78210, Mexico
5
Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Bayi Road 338, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
6
Department of Food Engineering, Weihai Ocean Vocational College, Haiwan South Road 1000, Weihai, Shandong 264300, China
Known as the thinnest 2D carbon nanomaterial, graphene has led considerable attention in new areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology, because of its superb potential applications in environment, medicine, optics, biotechnology, desalination, electronic and catalytic fields, etc. [1–5]. To harness these aspe
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