A nanoemulsion-based nanogel of Citrus limon essential oil with leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania tropica and L
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A nanoemulsion-based nanogel of Citrus limon essential oil with leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major Elham Zarenezhad1 • Mahmoud Agholi2 • Ali Ghanbariasad3 • Ali Ranjbar4 Mahmoud Osanloo5
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Received: 19 June 2020 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the diseases that severely affects human skin. Nanogels are the wellknown formulation for topical drug delivery due to easy usage, high loading capacity, and physical and chemical stabilities. In this study, the toxicity effect of three essential oils, including Mentha piperita, Anethum graveolens, and Citrus limon (CLEO), was evaluated against Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. Ingredients of CLEO as the most potent essential oil were identified using GC–MS analysis. The five major components were limonene (61.83%), sabinene (16.99%), trans-limonene oxide (3.08%), cis-limonene oxide (2.27%), and 1,2-cyclohexane diol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) (1.50%). The nanogel of CLEO (CLNgel) was prepared by the addition of carbomer 940 (1% w/v) to the prepared nanoemulsion with a droplet size of 146 ± 12 nm. The viscosity of CLNgel was fitted with a regression of non-Newtonian materials, Carreau-Yasuda. Interestingly, CLNgel at a concentration of 80 lg/mL reduced the viability of both species to 0%.
& Mahmoud Osanloo [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
2
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
3
Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
4
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
5
Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
Therefore, the prepared prototype can/could/would be used as an excellent nanoformulation for in vivo studies. Keywords Nanogels Nanoemulsion L. major L. tropica Citrus limon
Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by obligate intracellular protozoan from the Leishmania genus (Alvar et al. 2012). It has been reported all over the world, especially in Brazil and Peru (New World) and Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria (Old World) (Liarte and Murta 2010; Shirian et al. 2013). Estimated that 1–1.5 million cases of this disease occur annually; therefore, it is known as an important public health problem (Spotin et al. 2014). The first line of treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis is pentavalent antimonials, pentamidine, and amphotericin B (Croft et al. 2006; Fernandez et al. 2018). However, all kinds of drugs display considerable toxicity; other disadvantages are related to the high cost and complicated administration (Ouellette et al. 2004). Nowadays, it is accepted that
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