A novel attention-guided JND Model for improving robust image watermarking
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A novel attention-guided JND Model for improving robust image watermarking Jun Wang1 · Wenbo Wan1 Received: 16 August 2018 / Revised: 26 December 2019 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 / © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Just noticeable distortion (JND) and visual attention (VA), which are two widely used mathematical models of human visual system (HVS) that aim to simulate the human brain mechanism, are sufficiently explored and applied to many researches including digital watermarking. The activity of human brain, however, is extremely complex and it can be more limited due to complicated fusion of spatial saliency for image domain. In this paper, we propose a novel VA guided JND model in which we fuse the final attention map from the low-level features by using two laws of Gestalt principle. Firstly, we demonstrate a classic JND model in DCT domain, which consists of spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF), luminance adaptation (LA) and contrast masking (CM). The foveation effect and orientation feature are considered to obtain the CSF and CM factor. The foveation effect is affected by spatial attention, and the orientation features are modeled for CM effect together with traditional block texture strength through three direction-based AC coefficients in DCT domain. The attention features are integrated with a novel Gestalt principle-based weighting mechanism for the final block-based VA model, which is then used to modulate JND profiles with two non-linear functions. Finally, the proposed VA-guided JND model is incorporated into a logarithmic spread transform dither modulation (L-STDM) watermarking scheme. Experimental results show that the newly proposed algorithm can achieve good performance in term of robustness and get better visual quality. Keywords Just noticeable distortion · Visual attention · Logarithmic spread transform dither modulation · Gestalt principle · Robust watermarking
1 Introduction In the past few decades, digital watermarking is openly explored and makes significant progress to protect the copyrights of digital media including images, audios, and videos. Wenbo Wan
[email protected] 1
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Digital watermarking is a technology that embeds an identifiable watermark into digital media to verify the ownership of the digital media. However, with the explosive arisen of intelligence device and personal computer, the technology of digital watermarking faces a great challenge, nowadays, whether robustness or transpanrency [1–3]. Robustness refers to the watermark is discrete to prevent unauthorized removal and is easily extracted by the owner. The transparency we mean that the watermark must be imperceptible within its host. Normally, the robustness is inversely proportional to transparency, great robustness with a large value modification always causes a bad visual quality. To this end, various methods that incorporated the
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