A Novel Eplerenone Ecofriendly Fluorescent Nanosensor Based on Nitrogen and Sulfur-Carbon Quantum Dots
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A Novel Eplerenone Ecofriendly Fluorescent Nanosensor Based on Nitrogen and Sulfur-Carbon Quantum Dots Fathalla Belal 1 & Mokhtar Mabrouk 2 & Sherin Hammad 2 & Aya Barseem 3 & Hytham Ahmed 3 Received: 8 September 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, a novel ecofriendly optical nanosensor for detection of Eplerenone (EPL) in biological samples was reported. Highly luminescent water-soluble nitrogen and sulfur doped carbon quantum dots (N, S-CQDs) have been prepared successfully. The synthesis was based on the reaction of thiosemicarbazide (TS) as source of N and S and citric acid (CA) as source of carbon in one-step aqueous base reflux treatment. The produced N, S-CQDs have a small particle size in the range of 4.7 nm with a high quantum yield (58.5%) and high emission intensity at 446 nm under excitation wavelength of 370 nm. The unique properties of N, S-CQDs make them useful tool as a nano fluorescent probe for sensitive determination of EPL. EPL has been found to decrease the fluorescence of S, N-CDs significantly through static quenching according to the Stern – Volmer plot. The decreased intensity of S, N-CDs fluorescence was proportional to EPL in the 0.2–3.0 μM range. The limit of detection and quantitation were 0.05 and 0.15 μM, respectively. The assay of EPL by this approach was successfully done in drug formulations and in spiked human serum samples. Keywords Nitrogen and sulfur-carbon quantum dots . Eplerenone . Fluorescence . Nanosensor . Human plasma
Introduction Eplerenone (EPL, Fig. 1) is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. It binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor and blocks the aldosterone binding thus lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of myocardial infarctions [1]. It is available in market as Inspra® tablets. EPL can cause serious side effects which may lead to kidney problems. Therefore, it is so important to monitor its plasma levels particularly in patients with kidney diseases. The reported analytical methods for EPL analysis in literature were included Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-020-02638-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hytham Ahmed [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
2
Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
3
Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin el Kom, Egypt
spectrophotometry [2–6], LC-MS [7], RP-HPLC [8–14] and HPTLC [15, 16]. However, most of these techniques are not sensitive enough for its analysis in biological fluids. Also, they require multi-steps, expensive instruments in the analysis. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for sensitive determination of EPL not only in
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