A novel ionic liquid based electrochemical sensor for detection of pyrazinamide
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A novel ionic liquid based electrochemical sensor for detection of pyrazinamide Rajasekhar Chokkareddy1 · Niranjan Thondavada1 · Bakusele Kabane1 · Gan G. Redhi1 Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract In this work, we report electrochemical detection of pyrazinamide at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode fabricated with a sensing nanocomposite comprising silver nanoparticles, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim][BF4]) ionic liquid, and reduced graphene oxide. The electrochemical reaction of the pyrazinamide at the fabricated electrode was measured using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric methods. Ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average size of ~ 30 nm. The fabricated electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic utility with favourable electrochemical parameters for the reduction of pyrazinamide in acidic media, with optimized pH of 6.0 at an operational potential of − 0.82 V (vs. SCE). The transmission electron microscopy results for the fabricated surfaces demonstrated the formation of nanoscale structures, representing successful electrodeposition and electro-polymerization processes to modify the glassy carbon electrode surface. Moreover, these results showed a linear electrochemical response to pyrazinamide within the concentration in the interval ranging from 3 to 24 µM, with the detection limit and limit of quantification of 0.0102 µM and 0.3658 µM. The fabricated sensor proved high selectivity and sensitivity for pyrazinamide, which made it possible to determine pyrazinamide in pharmaceutical formulations.
This work was presented at the 2nd International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICNAN’19)’ at VIT University, Vellore (India) from 29 Nov. to 1 Dec. 2019. Chairman: Prof. A. Nirmala Grace. * Rajasekhar Chokkareddy [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
Graphic abstract Schematic illustration of the steps involved in the preparation of ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticlesglassy carbon electrode for the electrochemical detection of pyrazinamide.
Keywords Ionic liquid · Electrochemical sensor · Pyrazinamide · Differential pulse voltammetry
Introduction Tuberculosis is a widespread disease that is caused by the gram-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis [1, 2]. In addition, for several decades, tuberculosis has been a constant threat to human health; however, due to the accessibility of broad-spectrum antibiotics (pyrazinamide, isoniazid, ethambutol, and rifampicin), which are active against the bacterium, the social and economic burden for sufferers from the illness remains huge. Recent World Health
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