A Novel Polymer-Synthesized Ceramic Composite Based System for Bone Repair: Osteoblast Growth on Scaffolds with Varied C
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A Novel Polymer-Synthesized Ceramic Composite Based System for Bone Repair: Osteoblast Growth on Scaffolds with Varied Calcium Phosphate Content Yusuf M. Khan1 M.S., Dhirendra S. Katti, Ph.D.2, Cato T. Laurencin, M.D., Ph.D.3,4,5 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104. 2 Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur - 208016, India 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 5 Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 ABSTRACT Polymer/ceramic composite matrices for bone tissue engineering were constructed by synthesizing a poorly crystalline calcium phosphate within poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres that were subsequently fused together to form 3-dimensional structures. Calcium ion dissolution from the composite matrices in simulated body fluid was examined over a 24 hour period. The initial 4 hour period showed an increase in calcium ion concentration, whereas, a decrease in calcium ion concentration was noted thereafter. This decrease in concentration coincided with the precipitation of calcium phosphate on the surface of the matrices. Osteoblast proliferation studies on composite matrices showed statistically significant increases in cell number throughout the 21 day time period. These data together suggest that the composite matrix acts as both a calcium ion donor for reprecipitation of calcium phosphate that may enhance osteointegration of the implant, and a suitable surface for osteoblast proliferation. INTRODUCTION The current gold standard for the treatment of traumatic bone injury is the autograft, but harvesting this graft material requires additional surgery, leading to potential complications and added pain and discomfort for the patient, collectively known as donor-site morbidity. As an alternative, allografts, or tissue taken from cadavers, have been used with suitable levels of success but also with additional concerns and limitations. Allograft tissue is heat treated to minimize the chance of disease transmission from donor to recipient, but this heat treatment results in the destruction of many of the proteins and factors that contribute to healing, ultimately lowering the healing capability of allograft tissue and also altering the intrinsic mechanical properties of the tissue [1]. Further, despite the heat treatment there have been incidents of disease transmission via allograft tissue as recently as 2001 [2]. Tissue engineering has shown great promise as a viable alternative to currently available bone graft solutions due to its use of biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds as support systems for cellular attachment, proliferation, migration, and maintenance of normal phenotypic expression. A previous study Khan et al. demonstrated the synthesis of degradable scaf
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