Modelling urbanization, trade flow, economic growth and energy consumption with regards to the environment in Nigeria
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Modelling urbanization, trade flow, economic growth and energy consumption with regards to the environment in Nigeria Solomon Prince Nathaniel
Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract This study tries to model urbanization, trade flow and energy consumption with regards to the environment in Nigeria relying on the STIRPAT model with data spanning 1980Q1–2016Q4. The Zivot and Andrews (J Bus Econ Stat 10(3):251–270, 1992) test affirm that the variables are trended but stationary after first difference. The ARDL bounds test and the Bayer and Hanck (J Time Ser Anal 34(1):83–95, 2013) cointegration tests confirm a long run relationship among the variables. Findings reveal that urbanization and energy consumption are the major drivers of CO2 emissions in both time periods, while trade performs the opposite. Also, a unidirectional causality exists from urbanization and its square to carbon emissions. This clearly indicates that urbanization causes environmental degradation. Therefore, policies to tackle energy poverty and also make it clean, minimize urban anomalies and enhance sustainable growth were suggested. Keywords Urbanization Energy consumption STIRPAT ARDL Nigeria
S. P. Nathaniel (&) University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Climate change is like a rain that falls on everyone’s roof. Every nation have tasted the bitter fruit in one way or the other. Income, growth and stages of development do not exempt countries from the negative effects of climate change. The world has a big task in hand, that task, is how to minimize the horrendous effects of climate change. It has remained the most significant and potent menace facing humanity right from the turn of the 21st century. Climate change is majorly driven by global warming, and CO2 is the major contributor to global warming (Lv and Xu 2018; Liu and Xiao 2018; Bong et al. 2017). Sequel to this, a plethora of studies have been dedicated to CO2 emissions determinants (Go¨kmenoglu and Taspinar 2016; Green and Stern 2017; Lau et al. 2014; Ouyang and Lin 2015; Sharma 2011; Ahmed and Long 2012; Iwata et al. 2012; Dogan and Seker 2016; Shahbaz et al. 2013; Akbostancı et al. 2011; Andersson and Karpestam 2013; Balogh and Ja´mbor 2017). Studies have affirmed that factors like energy consumption, economic growth are the chief causes of CO2 emissions (Ito 2017; Wang et al. 2017a). Worthy of note is that, developing countries (Nigeria inclusive) are not among the highest emitters, yet they are not spared from the aftermath of this emission. China overtook USA in 2005 to become the world’s biggest emitter of CO2 (Liu and Xiao 2018). Meanwhile, as countries become urbanized and more open to trade, it is bound
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to tell negatively on the environment in terms of increase in emissions. This is the tale of most developing countries. Simply put, trade and urbanization deteriorate the environment as confirmed by AlMulali et al. (2015), Ertugrul et al. (2016), Adams and
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