Insights into the estimation of heavy metals ions sorption from aqueous environment onto natural zeolite
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Insights into the estimation of heavy metals ions sorption from aqueous environment onto natural zeolite A. Dashti1 · F. Amirkhani2 · Mojtaba Jokar3 · A. H. Mohammadi4,5 · K. ‑W. Chau6 Received: 22 February 2020 / Revised: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract In this work, we present how soft computing approaches can be used to study the sorption performance of natural zeolite to eliminate heavy metals ions including Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and P b2+, from aqueous environment. The models include leastsquares support-vector machine (LSSVM), genetic programming (GP), particle swarm optimization-adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (PSO-ANFIS), and artificial neural network (ANN), as well as multivariate nonlinear regression (PNR). The inputs of the models are electronegativity, hydrated ionic radii (Å), first ionization energy (E1, kJ/mol) and molecular weight (Mw, g/mol) of heavy metal ion, initial pH ( pHi, mmol/l) and equilibrium pH ( pHe, mmol/l) of solution, and Si concentrations in the aqueous phase ( Sie, mg/l). The output of the models is ionic species sorbed per gram of zeolite, f, (mmol/g). The importance of initial concentration, pollutant molecular weight, and acidic functional groups in the sorption of heavy metals is emphasized by sensitivity analysis. Ion exchange variables are determined by the adsorption isotherm expressions: Redlich–Petersen (RP), Langmuir–Freundlich (LF), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), Toth (T), Lineweaver–Burk (LB), and modified Dubinin–Radushkevich (MDR). Here, we focus on the applications of smart techniques in modeling complicated sorption systems used in wastewater treatment and environmental pollution control. The % AARD values for LSSVM, GP, ANN, PNR (with 5 order of polynomial), PSO-ANFIS, LF, RP, T, DR, MDR, and LB are 0.77, 5.37, 2.47, 1.23, 1.59, 177.1, 15.1 4215.8, 159.3, 128.9, and 11.2, respectively. The results of the computational techniques are found better than the adsorption isotherms. Keywords Heavy metal sorption · Natural zeolite · Adsorption · Model · Soft computation
Introduction Heavy metals are noted for their high toxicity and life-threatening effects, which are able to increase and go through biomagnification and remain in body without being easily Editorial responsibility: J. Aravind. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02912-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * A. Dashti [email protected] 1
Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
3
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
dissipated (Garba et al. 2003). Different processes such as membrane processes (El-Bayaa et al. 2009; Kojima and Lee 2001; Qdais and Moussa 2004), chemical precipitation
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