A review on lignin utilization in petroleum exploration, petroleum products formulation, bio-fuel production, and oil sp
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REVIEW ARTICLE
A review on lignin utilization in petroleum exploration, petroleum products formulation, bio-fuel production, and oil spill clean-up Himani Negi 1,2 & Raj Kumar Singh 2 Received: 29 August 2020 / Revised: 26 October 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract After cellulose, lignin is considered to be the most abundant, renewable, economical natural biopolymer existing on earth. Out of the natural biosynthesized carbon in biosphere, lignin accounts for 30%. Lignin is a complex aromatic polymer and a vital cell wall structural component. This highly complex phenolic macromolecule is obtained as a low-value by-product of cellulose production and by the paper pulp industry. It is an underutilized material, so the use of lignocellulosic feedstock is increasing as a renewable and sustainable alternative to petroleum resource. Several efforts have also been made to use lignin in the petroleum field. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding lignin utilization for the petroleum exploration, petroleum products formulation, bio-fuel production, and oil spill clean-up. This review covers the direct use of lignin (as such) and also the chemical modifications of lignin. The future perspective and trend towards lignin-based material utility for the petroleum industry are then addressed. Keywords Lignin . EOR . Drilling fluid . Lubricant . Greases . Bitumen . Biodiesel . Oil spillage
1 Introduction Worldwide, around 170 billion metric tons of natural polymers including cellulose, chitin, chitosan, proteins, hemicelluloses, and starch is produced by several industrial and agricultural activities [1]. Nowadays, these polymers are used in numerous applications such as in the food industry, cosmetic industry, pharmaceutical industry, and medical science with their pure and modified forms [2]. The use of natural polymers in the oil industry is gradually broadening in the past few decades. Usually, utilization of natural polymers in any field minimizes the risk of environmental pollution as these polymers are biodegradable and non-toxic in nature. Several toxic and harmful solvents/chemicals are still in use during oil production, transportation, and storage; by using natural polymers, the adverse impact of these chemicals on the environment and ecosystem can be reduced. Hence, to avoid * Raj Kumar Singh [email protected] 1
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
2
Advanced Crude Oil Research Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India
environmental issues, utilization of natural polymers can become a good alternative approach. In the petroleum field, several natural polymers have been developed as a viscosity modifier, dispersant, emulsifier, and catalyst for crude oil or bio-fuel production and sorbent for oil spill removal etc. with the inception of petroleum industries. In numerous works, they are either used in their pure
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