A simple low cost method for synthesis of SnO 2 nanoparticles and its characterization
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A simple low cost method for synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and its characterization Shaheen Naz1,2 · Iqra Javid1,2 · Subhrajit Konwar2 · Karan Surana2 · Pramod K. Singh2 · Mohit Sahni2 · Bhaskar Bhattacharya2,3 Received: 30 December 2019 / Accepted: 22 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Nanomaterials have gained a lot of interest due to their application in various fields. Tin oxide ( SnO2) is an important n-type wide band-gap semiconductor in the field of gas sensing devices due to its chemical and mechanical stability. Here, SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple chemical co-precipitation method followed by annealing the obtained nanoparticles at different temperatures. Several characterization techniques like powder X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy were carried out to analyze the structure, size, morphology, elemental composition and optical properties of the prepared SnO2 nanoparticles. Keywords Tin oxide · Nanoparticles · Chemical co-precipitation · Bandgap
1 Introduction Nanomaterials have attracted the interest of scientists all across the globe after the famous inspiring speech by Feynman stating, ‘there is plenty of room at the bottom’ [1]. This ignited a revolution in the research community which led to exploration of materials and their properties down to the nano scale in every field of science. Nanoparticles of wide-bandgap semiconductors such as Tin Oxide (SnO2) have been in the limelight as they have found applications in gas sensing, humidity and temperature sensing, lithium batteries, transistors, transparent conducting electrodes, liquid crystal displays, photovoltaic devices and as a key element in opto-electronic devices [2–9]. The performance of such semiconducting nanoparticles like their response time, stability, selectivity, sensitivity etc. depends chiefly upon the size of particles, which in turn can be controlled by varying the pH of the solution, concentration of
precursor and precipitating reagents [3, 4]. SnO2 is a versatile n-type semiconductor with a crystalline structure and depending on the synthesis procedure it can have optical (direct) transition corresponding to 3.6–3.8 eV or an indirect transition near 2.7–3.1 eV [5, 6]. SnO2 can be synthesized by various methods like crystal spray pyrolysis, hydrothermal methods, thermal evaporation, microwave-assisted combustion method, sol–gel method and electrochemical synthesis as mentioned in previous literatures [5–13]. Koshay et al. had prepared the nanoparticles through sol–gel technique having a tetragonal structure with an average particle size of 12.10 nm [2]. Naje et al. conducted experiments to obtain SnO2 nanoparticles through chemical precipitation method. The morphology shows tetragonal structure with particle size in the range of 8–10 nm [6]. Razeghizadeh et al. performed the experiments with Sol–Gel technique which results in tetragonal structure of
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