Synthesis and characterization of SnO 2 nanoparticles using cochineal dye
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Synthesis and characterization of SnO2 nanoparticles using cochineal dye Brajesh Kumar1,2 · Kumari Smita2 · Alexis Debut2 · Luis Cumbal2 Received: 2 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article presents a simple and inexpensive method for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) in the presence of non-toxic cochineal dye. As-synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as UV–Visible, XRD, FTIR, DLS and TEM. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed λmax for SnO2 NPs at 350 nm and it remains stable for 3 months at room temperature. The XRD result confirms the simultaneous presence of orthorhombic SnO2 (78%) and Sn (22%) nanoparticles. FTIR showed strong vibration at 543 and 598 cm−1 which corresponds to Sn–O of SnO2 NPs. The obtained TEM and DLS results stated the formation of the cube and spherical S nO2 NPs with an average diameter of about 30–50 nm. These particles do not aggregate in suspension because their outer surface is protected by an organic layer of cochineal. Approximately 83% methylene blue dye was degraded photocatalytically by SnO2 NPs within 180 min at a rate constant of 17.6001 × 10–3 min−1. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Green synthesis · SnO2 nanoparticles · Cochineal dye · Spectroscopy · TEM · Photodegradation
* Brajesh Kumar [email protected]; [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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1 Introduction Nanostructured tin dioxide (SnO2) is a n-type semiconductor (band gap width ~ 3.6 eV) that has attracted a wide range of potential applications in batteries [1], gas sensors [2], catalysts [3], dye-sensitized solar cells [4], transistors [5], transparent electrodes [6], thermal conductive material [7], etc. Numerous methods have been developed for the fabrication of SnO2 nanostructures, such as chemical precipitation [8], hydrothermal methods [9], co-precipitation [10], vapour phase process [11], sol–gel [12], sonochemical route [13], microwave assisted synthesis [14] etc. These days, the popularity of SnO2 nanoparticles ( SnO2 NPs) as photocatalyst is higher than titanium dioxide (TiO2), due to similar structure, band gap, and chemical stability. Moreover, SnO2 NPs have no adverse health effects, low toxicity, non carcinogenic and is poorly absorbed by the human body when injected or inhaled [15]. In recent years, there is growing interest in the field of green chemistry for the synthesis of different kinds of semiconductor, metal oxide nanoparticles in bulk with ecofriendly parameters (without harmful to the environment) owing to their abundance, cheap cost, non-toxicity and relatively high stability without [16]. Green procedures involving plant extracts are becoming a popular approach for metal nanoparticle synthesis and used as capping and reducing agents. Plant extracts can act as a biotemplate which controls the size, shape and morphology
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