Synthesis of nanoparticles, nanorods, and mesoporous SnO 2 as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
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Dandan Chen School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China; and Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Company Limited, Shanghai 201615, People’s Republic of China
Yong Jianga) and Haijiao Zhang School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic of China
Xuetao Ling and Hua Zhuang Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
Ling Su, Hui Cao, and Ming Hou Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Company Limited, Shanghai 201615, People’s Republic of China
Bing Zhaob) Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China (Received 21 May 2013; accepted 27 January 2014)
The mesoporous and nanorods SnO2 are synthesized by controlling the state of SnCl22H2O precursor with SBA-15 as hard template, and the possible formation mechanisms at different assembling modes inside the ordered mesoporous silica templates are proposed. In addition, SnO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrolysis depositing method. The electrochemical tests of as-prepared samples indicate that the reticular stacking structure of the nanorods would limit the Li1 ions to intercalate, but the effect of volume expansion in this case upon cycling is insignificant. The mesostructure SnO2 tends to be stable after partial structural collapse at first few cycles. And the Li1 ions can readily intercalate and de-intercalate into/from its ordered channels structure, which provides a high capacity and an improved cycle property. Although SnO2 nanoparticles deliver high capacity at an early stage, the agglomeration may induce the capacity to drop rapidly after a certain number of cycles.
I. INTRODUCTION
Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the most competitive power source, and the search for new anode materials to improve energy density has been ongoing. The crucial factor for the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries is the high-performance electrochemical properties of electrode materials, such as stability and Li1 diffusion.1,2 Among a large number of alternative Li-ion batteries negative materials, transition metal oxide, SnO2, has attracted much attention owing to its high theoretical specific capacity (782 mAh/g), which is more than twice that of conventional graphite.3–5 However, the practical implementation of SnO2 is mainly frustrated by the large volume expansion–contraction (;300%) during Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2014.32 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 29, No. 5, Mar 14, 2014
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the charge–discharge process. Such volume variation results in pulverization and thus there is a loss of electrical contact that greatly limits the cycling life of electrodes. The use of nanostructured SnO2 (sometimes combined with other ancillary materials) is a popular approach to partially solve the above
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