Accelerated removal of Sudan dye by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the presence of quinones and humic acids
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Accelerated removal of Sudan dye by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the presence of quinones and humic acids Guangfei Liu • Jiti Zhou • Qiuyan Ji Jing Wang • Ruofei Jin • Hong Lv
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Received: 2 February 2013 / Accepted: 24 March 2013 / Published online: 29 March 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract Although there have been many studies on bacterial removal of soluble azo dyes, much less information is available for biological treatment of water-insoluble azo dyes. The few bacterial species capable of removing Sudan dye generally require a long time to remove low concentrations of insoluble dye particles. The present work examined the efficient removal of Sudan I by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the presence of redox mediator. It was found that the microbially reduced anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) could abiotically reduce Sudan I, indicating the feasibility of microbially-mediated reduction. The addition of 100 lM AQDS and other different quinone compounds led to 4.3–54.7 % increase in removal efficiencies in 22 h. However, adding 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone into the system inhibited Sudan I removal. The presence of 10, 50 and 100 lM AQDS stimulated the removal efficiency in 10 h from 26.4 to 42.8, 54.9 and 64.0 %, respectively. The presence of 300 lM AQDS resulted in an eightfold increase in initial removal rate from 0.19 to 1.52 mg h-1 g-1 cell biomass. A linear relationship was observed between the initial removal rates and AQDS concentrations (0–100 lM). Comparison of Michaelis– Menten kinetic constants revealed the advantage of AQDSmediated removal over direct reduction. Different species of humic acid could also stimulate the removal of Sudan I.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11274-013-1336-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. G. Liu J. Zhou Q. Ji J. Wang (&) R. Jin H. Lv Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China e-mail: [email protected]
Scanning electronic microscopy analysis confirmed the accelerated removal performance in the presence of AQDS. These results provide a potential method for the efficient removal of insoluble Sudan dye. Keywords Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Sudan dye Quinone Humic acid
Introduction Sudan dyes are a family of hydrophobic azo dyes. Due to their colorfastness and low cost, these dyes are widely used in many different industries, such as coloring of plastics, waxes, inks, leather, fabrics, shoe and floor polishing, and spirit varnishing (Xu et al. 2010). These dyes are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as category 3 carcinogens because they can cause tumors of liver and urinary bladder in animals (Chailapakul et al. 2008). Sudan dyes are banned from use in food at any level by global food regulations (Ahlstro¨m et al. 2005). However, they were rece
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