Acid-free polyaniline:graphene-oxide hole transport layer in organic solar cells
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Acid-free polyaniline:graphene-oxide hole transport layer in organic solar cells Omar A. Abdulrazzaq1,*
, Shawn E. Bourdo2, Viney Saini2, and Alexandru S. Biris2
1
Renewable Energy and Environment Research Center, Corporation of Research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, USA
Received: 22 July 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 13 October 2020
Emeraldine-based polyaniline (EB-PANI) was synthesized via oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous acid. Various aliquots of graphene oxide (GO) aqueous dispersion were added to aniline during polymerization to achieve a mass percent of GO in the PANI:GO nanocomposites of 0%, 0.49%, 2.4%, 4.9%, 7.3%, 9.8%, 12.2%, and 24.5%, respectively. TEM images of the GO taken from different locations showed that most of the GO is either a double layer or multilayer graphene sheet—although some of the locations showed a singlelayer graphene sheet. Raman shift of GO presents the G band located at 1591 cm-1 and the D band located at 1321 cm-1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the PANI:GO nanocomposite showed the evidence of existing GO in PANI. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) narrow scans of EB-PANI, GO, and PANI:GO showed a maximum that is assigned to the C–C peak position (284.8 eV). The deconvolution of the C1s peak in EB-PANI reveals the presence of C–N/C=N species (285.8 eV) assigned to the amine and imine nitrogens in polyaniline. The acid-free hole transport layer (HTL) synthesized from PANI:GO composites was used in two different types of organic solar cells (OPVs), i.e., P3HT:PC60BM (1:0.6) and PCDTBT:PC70BM (1:4). The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) as a function of GO loadings in the PANI:GO nanocomposites for P3HT:PCBM cells was for the nanocomposite PANI:GO-7.5 with an average of * 0.2%, where the GO loading was 7.3% w/w. Equivalently, the PCDTBT:PCBM cells exhibited the highest PCE for PANI:GO-7.5 nanocomposite (* 0.5%), as well.
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04677-w
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron
1 Introduction The technology of solar cells has been greatly advanced in the last few decades with a wide variety of solar cells materials including heterojunctions [1], perovskite [2], and organic materials [3]. Recently, many efforts have been directed toward the use of carbon allotropes, the 0-D fullerenes, 1-D nanotubes, and 2-D graphene sheets in a plethora of applications and most notably in optoelectronic devices [4]. They have been utilized successfully in a wide range of photovoltaic-based applications: nanocomposites [5], transparent electrodes [6], buffer layers in organic solar cells [7], and active layer materials [8]. Each of these allotropes has unique properties that allow them to be incorporated in a number of technologies, with graphene being touted as the mo
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