Activation of Neurogenesis in Multipotent Stem Cells Cultured In Vitro and in the Spinal Cord Tissue After Severe Injury
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Activation of Neurogenesis in Multipotent Stem Cells Cultured In Vitro and in the Spinal Cord Tissue After Severe Injury by Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Francisco Javier Rodriguez-Jimenez 1 & Angel Vilches 1 & Maria Amparo Perez-Arago 2 & Eleonora Clemente 1 & Raquel Roman 3,4 & Juliette Leal 1 & Ana Artero Castro 1 & Santos Fustero 3,4 & Victoria Moreno-Manzano 5 & Pavla Jendelova 6 & Miodrag Stojkovic 7,8,9 & Slaven Erceg 1,2,6 Accepted: 1 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) can induce neurogenesis, and the associated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via GSK-3 inhibition may represent a means to promote motor function recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) via increased astrocyte migration, reduced astrocyte apoptosis, and enhanced axonal growth. Herein, we assessed the effects of GSK-3 inhibition in vitro on the neurogenesis of ependymal stem/progenitor cells (epSPCs) resident in the mouse spinal cord and of human embryonic stem cell–derived neural progenitors (hESC-NPs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neural progenitors (hiPSC-NPs) and in vivo on spinal cord tissue regeneration and motor activity after SCI. We report that the treatment of epSPCs and human pluripotent stem cell–derived neural progenitors (hPSC-NPs) with the GSK-3 inhibitor Ro3303544 activates β-catenin signaling and increases the expression of the bIII-tubulin neuronal marker; furthermore, the differentiation of Ro3303544-treated cells prompted an increase in the number of terminally differentiated neurons. Administration of a water-soluble, bioavailable form of this GSK-3 inhibitor (Ro3303544Cl) in a severe SCI mouse model revealed the increased expression of bIII-tubulin in the injury epicenter. Treatment with Ro3303544-Cl increased survival of mature neuron types from the propriospinal tract (vGlut1, Parv) and raphe tract (5-HT), protein kinase C gamma– positive neurons, and GABAergic interneurons (GAD65/67) above the injury epicenter. Moreover, we observed higher numbers of newly born BrdU/DCX-positive neurons in Ro3303544-Cl–treated animal tissues, a reduced area delimited by astrocyte scar borders, and improved motor function. Based on this study, we believe that treating animals with epSPCs or hPSC-NPs in combination with Ro3303544-Cl deserves further investigation towards the development of a possible therapeutic strategy for SCI. Key Words Spinal cord injury . stem cells . neurogenesis . axonal growth . GSK3 inhibition Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00928-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Slaven Erceg [email protected] 1
Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center “Principe Felipe”, C/ Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, Valencia, Spain
2
National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Biomolecular Resources Platform PRB3, ISCIII, Research Center “Principe Felipe”, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012
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