Active Polymer Nanoparticles: Delivery of Antibiotics
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Active Polymer Nanoparticles: Delivery of Antibiotics Monica Rabinovich1, Shankari N. Somayaji2, Rajeev Raghavan Pillai1, Michael C. Hudson2, J. Kent Ellington3, Michael Bosse3, James Horton4, and Kenneth E. Gonsalves1 1 Polymer Nanotechnology Lab.at Center for Optoelectronics and Dept. of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., 358 GRIGG Hall, Charlotte, NC, 28223 2 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., 257 Woodward Hall, Charlotte, NC, 28223 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, 1616 Scott Ave., Charlotte, NC, 28203 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28232
ABSTRACT Antibiotic-encapsulated PLA and PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by the single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Different PLA and PLGA systems were prepared, varying the copolymer composition and the amount of the surfactant polyvinyl alcohol. Characterization and drug loading studies were performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Simultaneously, in order to model the diffusion of the nanoparticles within the osteoblast, QDs such as functionalized InGaP/ZnS and polymer encapsulated InGaP/ZnS nanoparticles were added to confluent cultures of primary mouse osteoblasts. Following PreFer fixation, cultures were examined via confocal microscopy. QDs were clearly visible within osteoblasts. INTRODUCTION Biodegradable biocompatible polymer nanoparticles are effective drug delivery systems [1,2]. The biodegradability and biocompatibility of poly(lactic acid) PLA and poly(lactide-coglycolide) PLGA has been proved. Some of the advantages of these systems are the administration in high concentrations of the drug locally with low systemic levels which reduces systemic complications and allergic reactions [3]. Also no follow-up surgical removal is required once the drug supply is depleted [4]. Biodegradation occurs by simple hydrolysis of the ester backbone in aqueous environments such as body fluids. The degradation products are then metabolized to carbon dioxide and water [5]. Several techniques have been developed to prepare nanoparticles loaded with a broad variety of drugs using PLGA [6-12]. In this study PLGA nanoparticles using several copolymer molecular weights were prepared by the single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used because nanoparticles using this emulsifier are relatively uniform and smaller in size, and are easy to redisperse in aqueous medium [13]. PLGA nanoparticles were loaded with nafcillin. Quantum dots (QDs) are a new class of flourophores excitable over a broad wavelength range stretching from the UV and up to slightly less than their emission peak. They have narrow, size-tunable emission bands, and are resistant to photobleaching [14]. Their biological
applications in a variety of in vitro and in vivo procedures [15,16] including met
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