Advances of biological-camouflaged nanoparticles delivery system
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BSTRACT Nanoparticles (NPs) which are innovation and research focus in drug delivery systems, still have some disadvantages limiting its application in clinical use, such as short circulation time, recognition and clearance by reticuloendothelial system (RES) and passive targeting in certain organs. However, the recent combination of natural components and nanotechnology has offered new solutions to address these problems. A novel biomimetic platform consisting of nanoparticle core and membrane shell, such as cell membrane, exosome or vesicle vastly improves properties of nanoparticles. These coated nanoparticles can replicate the unique functions of the membrane, such as prolonged blood circulation, active targeting capability and enhanced internalization. In this review, we focus on the newest development of biological-camouflaged nanoparticles and mainly introduce its application related to cancer therapy and toll-like receptor.
KEYWORDS biomimetic nanoparticles, cell membrane, tumor therapy, toll-like receptor (TLR)
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Introduction
In recent years, nanoparticles have been used in the field of diagnosis, treatment and biomedicine. However, nanoparticles are easy to be recognized and eliminated by eticuloendothelial system (RES) [1]. Beyond that, there are certain limitations for its wider applications. In the process of tackling these problems, scientists try to use biomimetic materials to fulfill the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles. Owing to its unique characteristic, cell membrane has first been exploited to fabricate cell membrane-based nanoparticles (CMNPs). Initially, the CMNPs were made from red blood cell (RBC) membrane which is easy to acquire. Subsequently, different kinds of membrane have been used to explore the functions of CMNPs and scientists find that this new combination can overcome the disadvantages of these two raw materials [2, 3]. Most importantly, coating with cell membrane, CMNPs make itself be autogenous cells, so as to evade immune system clearance and prolong the circulation time in the blood resulting in stronger enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [4]. Considering the distinct effect of CMNPs, exosome which is also a unique membrane structure catches our attention as well. Cancer is the second leading cause of death [5]. Although we have strategies to fight against cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, they are still inadequate due to low targeting capacity and accompanied severe adverse effects that need to be resolved [6, 7]. Membrane derived from cell has numerous functionalities, which might enable the CMNPs with some biological properties to target tumor [8]. The functions of cancer-related cells, such as extravasation, chemotaxis, and cancer cell adhesion drive scientists to exploit the CMNPs to be tumor-targeting delivery system [9, 10]. Address correspondence to [email protected]
Besides the special abilities of coated membrane, the CMNPs core is also flexibly designed to load different cargos, which can be used to anti-cancer drug
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