Advances in Craniosynostosis Research and Management

The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the most recent advances in the field of craniosynostosis basic and clinical research and management, and to give an overview of the more frequently adopted surgical strategies.

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1 Departments of Human Anatomy and Plastic Surgery, University of Lisbon School of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lisbon School of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal 3 Head, Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G6teborg, Sweden

With 26 Figures

Contents Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction.................................................................. Normal Craniofacial Embryology and Growth........ .. ... . .. .. ........... Aetiology, Pathogenesis and Function...................................... Classification and Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evolution of Surgical Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recent Advances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molecular Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imaging Techniques and Surgical Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resorbable Fixation....................................................... Bone Substitutes and Tissue Engineering................................. Distraction Osteogenesis and the Spring-Mediated Cranioplasties.. ..... Resorbable Distractor Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimally Invasive Surgery............................................... In Utero Surgery.......................................................... Surgical Techniques.......................................................... Sagittal Synostosis......................................................... Unicoronal Synostosis..................................................... Metopic Synostosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unilambdoid Synostosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bicoronal Synostosis .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome ............................................... Crouzon and Pfeiffer Syndromes.......................................... Apert Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References.................................................................... J. D. Pickard et al. (eds.), Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery © Springer-Verlag Wien 2004

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Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the most recent advances in the field of cra