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1 Departments of Human Anatomy and Plastic Surgery, University of Lisbon School of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lisbon School of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal 3 Head, Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G6teborg, Sweden

With 26 Figures

Contents Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction.................................................................. Normal Craniofacial Embryology and Growth........ .. ... . .. .. ........... Aetiology, Pathogenesis and Function...................................... Classification and Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evolution of Surgical Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recent Advances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molecular Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imaging Techniques and Surgical Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resorbable Fixation....................................................... Bone Substitutes and Tissue Engineering................................. Distraction Osteogenesis and the Spring-Mediated Cranioplasties.. ..... Resorbable Distractor Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimally Invasive Surgery............................................... In Utero Surgery.......................................................... Surgical Techniques.......................................................... Sagittal Synostosis......................................................... Unicoronal Synostosis..................................................... Metopic Synostosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unilambdoid Synostosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bicoronal Synostosis .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome ............................................... Crouzon and Pfeiffer Syndromes.......................................... Apert Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References.................................................................... J. D. Pickard et al. (eds.), Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery © Springer-Verlag Wien 2004

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Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the most recent advances in the field of cra

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