Affordable, Green, and Facile Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Stabilized by Environmentally Friendly Surfactants
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s11663-015-0424-9 Ó The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2015
I.
INTRODUCTION
COPPER nanoparticles are currently objects of consideration for their bactericidal[1–4] and cytotoxic properties.[5] While these attributes could encourage promising applications especially with the use of resisKRYSˇTOF DOBROVOLNY´, Researcher, is with the Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic. PAVEL ULBRICH, Researcher, is with the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology. MARIE SˇVECOVA´, Researcher, is with the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology. VILE´M BARTU˚NEˇK, Researcher, is with the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology. Contact e-mail: vilem. [email protected] Manuscript submitted December 2, 2014. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
tant bacteria in warfare, the cytotoxic effect raises some uncertainties since oxidative stress can cause damage to nonbacterial cells and decrease their viability.[1] Because toxic substances like ethylene glycol are usually used for copper reduction,[6,7] the toxicity and potential environmental damage of such mixes can be unpredictable. Copper nanosystems can also be used for cross-coupling reactions at room temperature due to their catalytic properties.[8] Another possible application of nanocopper is in sensors for detection of glucose.[9] Copper nanoparticles can be synthesized by numerous different methods. One method is thermal decomposition of precursors.[3] Most methods count on fact that copper is noble metal; therefore, it is easily reduced from many solutions by even mild reduction agents—for example, ascorbic acid.[2] Other methods for copper nanoparticle synthesis include photoreduction,[10] microwave-assisted syntheses,[11] microemulsion techniques,[12] laser ablation,[13] or even preparation using
Co-60-gamma radiation.[14] Electrochemical methods can also be involved.[15] The downside of most of the aforementioned methods is that they require rather expensive and complicated laboratory equipment and large amounts of energy; the exception being the directreduction method. When those disadvantages are considered, the direct-reduction method seems like a reasonable, simple, and cost-effective method of copper nanoparticle preparation. The possibility to use more environmentally friendly precursors is another benefit of such processes.[2] Glycerol can be used for various syntheses of heavy metals compounds[16,17] and their respective nanoparticle systems.[18–21] This simple alcohol has many interesting properties such as a high boiling temperature, nearly no toxicity, and very favorable price. As a reduction agent, it can be used for various large-scale reduction reactions, whereas their kinetics can be controlled by temperatur
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