Aflatoxin M 1 in raw cow milk and associated hepatocellular carcinoma risk among dairy farming households in Malawi
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk and associated hepatocellular carcinoma risk among dairy farming households in Malawi Chunala Alexico Njombwa 1 & Vinicius Moreira 2 & Cathleen Williams 2 & Kayanush Aryana 3 & Limbikani Matumba 4 Received: 31 July 2020 / Revised: 25 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Society for Mycotoxin (Research Gesellschaft für Mykotoxinforschung e.V.) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the present study, a total of 112 raw milk samples were collected between October and December of 2018 from dairy farming households in Malawi and analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) using VICAM aflatest fluorometry procedure. These data together with the consumption data obtained through a milk consumption frequency questionnaire were used for the calculation of AFM1 exposure and its association with hepatocarcinoma (HCC) risk in dairy farming population. Average daily milk intake by children and adults were approximately 300 ± 0.07 and 541.7 ± 0.14 mL, respectively. All raw milk samples tested positive to AFM1 averaging 0.551 μg/L. Probable mean daily exposure to AFM1 for adults was 4.98 ± 7.25 ng/kg BW/day almost half that of children (8.28 ± 11.82 ng/kg BW/day). Estimated risk of AFM1-induced HCC associated with consumption of milk among children and adults were 0.038 and 0.023 cases per 100,000 individuals per year, respectively. Although the results of this investigation suggest a low risk of HCC, other negative health effects of AFM1 justify its continuous monitoring and update of the risk assessment. This work presents the first insight in the occurrence of AFM1 in cow milk in Malawi as well as associated AFM1 exposure in dairy farming population. Keywords Aflatoxin M1 . Raw milk . Dietary exposure . Cancer risk . Dairy farming . Hepatocellular carcinoma
Abbreviations HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma AFM1 Aflatoxin M1 AFB1 Aflatoxin B1 BW Body weight AEZ Agroecological zone HBV Hepatitis B virus FAO Food and Agriculture Organization WHO World Health Organization
* Chunala Alexico Njombwa [email protected] 1
2
Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Lunyangwa Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 59, Mzuzu, Malawi School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
3
School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
4
Food Technology and Nutrition Group, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, (LUANAR), Natural Resources College, P.O. Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
JECFA HBsAg+ HBsAg ALARA USAID BHEARD EFSA CEC EC FDA
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives hepatitis B surface antigen–positive hepatitis B surface antigen–negative as low as reasonably achievable levels United State Agency for International Development Borlaug Higher Education for Agricultural Research and Development European Food Safety Authority Commission of the European Communities European Commission US Food and
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