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ORIGINAL PAPER

GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite as a novel anode material for lithium-ion battery K. Brijesh 1 & H. S. Nagaraja 1 Received: 29 April 2020 / Revised: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) wrapped GeO2/ZnWO4 nanocomposite was prepared by single-step solvothermal method. In this work, GeO2/ZnWO4 nanocomposites were prepared by varying the molar percentage of GeO2 and by further adding SWCNT for the composite to boost the electrochemical performance. The prepared GeO2/ZnWO4 nanocomposites and GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite are used as anode material for lithium-ion battery (LIB). As expected, GeO2/ ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite exhibits higher capacities and good rate capability than the GeO2/ZnWO4 nanocomposite. The GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite exhibits 930 mAh g−1 discharge capacity and 533 mAh g−1 charge capacity for the initial cycle at 100 mAh g−1 in the voltage range of 0.01–3 V (vs. Li+/Li). Even at high current density of 500 mAh g−1, GeO2/ ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite shows 231 mAh g−1 and 257 mAh g−1 charge/discharge capacity which are higher than that of GeO2/ZnWO4 nanocomposite. The GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite delivers 75.8% capacity retention and 100% coulombic efficiency even after 400 cycles at 300 mAh g−1. These results direct that GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite is a good negative electrode for lithium-ion battery. Keywords GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite . Lithium ion battery . Hybrid electrode material . Anode

Introduction Lithium-ion battery (LIB) plays a major role in the advanced portable electronics due to high energy density and stable cycling performance. There is a great market for highperformance LIBs in the field of intelligent grid, electrical vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. It is well known that electrode materials are important factor to determine the performance of the LIBs. Over the decade, the lower theoretical capacity (372 mAh g−1) graphene is used as anode for LIB, which is not suitable for the high energy density LIB [1]. So far, metal oxides [2–4], carbon materials [5–7], chalcogenides Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04798-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * K. Brijesh [email protected] * H. S. Nagaraja [email protected] 1

Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, P.O. Srinivasnagar, Surathkal, Mangaluru 575025, India

[8–10], perovskite oxide [11, 12], ferrites [13–15], siliconbased compounds [16–22], and polymers [23–28] are extensively reported as anode materials for LIB. To attain high specific capacity, rate capability, and superior cycling, a novel anode material has to be found out. Nowadays, researchers are focused on hybrid metal oxides as anode material to overcome the above problems. Among them, zinc tungstates (ZnWO4) are attractive anode material for LIBs because of their good theoretical capacity (684 mAh g−