All-spray multilayer transparent electrode based on Ag nanowires: improved adhesion and thermal/chemical stability
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All‑spray multilayer transparent electrode based on Ag nanowires: improved adhesion and thermal/chemical stability Ali Amiri Zarandi1 · Alireza Khosravi1 · Mehdi Dehghani2 · Nima Taghavinia2 Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract All-solution-processed multilayer ZnO/Ag NWs/ZnO/PVP/PVA composite is introduced as a transparent conductive film (TCF) for optoelectronic applications. Unlike conventional film formation methods that impose high investment expenses, scalable spray coating is applied over the layers using a hand-made spray apparatus. The resulting TCF exhibits high transmittance (T, 86% at 550 nm) and low sheet resistance (Rs, 6 Ω/sq), which is comparable to the sputtered counterparts. The bending test demonstrates the flexibility of the multilayer TCF with no noticeable increase in Rs, even after 1500 bending iterations. Moreover, chemical stability test (exposure to a corrosive agent) and adhesion examination confirm the capability of the fabricated TCF. Furthermore, the electrode is also thermally stable in heat up to 280 °C and is resistant against oxidation, as Rs remains almost unchanged after keeping the electrode in normal atmospheric condition for 200 days. The all-solution-processed electrode demonstrates desirable performance as a transparent electrode and potential to be applied in different optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
1 Introduction TCFs are an essential component of optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and touch panels [1–4]. Indium tin oxide (ITO) has dominated the TCFs industry thanks to its excellent transparency as well as good electrical conductivity. However, the use of ITO has limitations, such as increasing cost due to indium inadequacy, brittleness, and sensitivity to acid and basic environments [5, 6]. Besides that, regarding the emergence of flexible photovoltaic devices, great efforts have been made to develop new TCFs to replace ITO, which display good mechanical flexibility while maintaining a low sheet resistance (Rs ≤ 20 Ω/sq) and a high optical transmittance (T ≥ 80%) [7–9]. To respond to this requirement, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conducting polymers are being investigated. Some of the best-reported Rs of graphene and carbon nanotube employed as TCFs are between 100–200 Ω/sq on the * Nima Taghavinia [email protected] 1
Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875‑4413, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155‑9161, Tehran, Iran
2
centimeter scale. These cannot be at all considered as a satisfying substitute for ITO [10, 11]. Besides that, conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) show fairly high conductivity and transparency [12]. Nowadays, considering that silver has the highest electrical conductivity among all the metals, TCFs fabricated from random networks of silver nanowires (NWs) are regarded as the most a
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