Ameliorative effect of Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) essential oil on chlorpyrifos toxicity in Cyprinus carpio
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ameliorative effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil on chlorpyrifos toxicity in Cyprinus carpio Ayşegül Pala 1
&
Osman Serdar 1 & Serpil Mişe Yonar 2 & Muhammet Enis Yonar 2
Received: 8 May 2020 / Accepted: 16 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide that is frequently and widely used to control both agricultural and domestic pests worldwide. In this study, the protective effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil (FEO) was investigated in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to CPF. The fish were divided into six groups that one control group (no treatment) and five experimental groups (FEO (3ml/100g diet) group, CPF1 (0.023 mg/l) group CPF2 (0.046 mg/l) group, CPF1 (0.023 mg/l) plus FEO (3ml/100g diet) group, CPF2 (0.046 mg/l) plus FEO (3ml/100g diet) group). Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, gill, and brain) samples were taken from the fish at the end of 14 days of application. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, nitoblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, and total immunoglobulin (TI) level were measured in blood samples of fish. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined in brain tissue while malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were determined in liver, kidney, and gill tissues. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in Hb level, NBT activity, and TI levels in CPF-treated fish compared to the control group. In addition, increased in MDA levels and significant decreases in GSH level, AChE, CAT, and GPx activities were observed in CPF-treated groups. However, FEO-treated was showed a significant improvement in all parameters except AChE activity compared to CPF groups. These study findings showed that FEO could improve CPF-induced toxicity in C. carpio, except inhibition of AChE activity. Keywords Antioxidant . Chlorpyrifos . Fish . Fennel . Oxidative stress . Immunology
Introduction Pesticides are recognized worldwide as an economical approach to control pests (Venkateswara Rao 2006; Raibeemol and Chitra 2018). The agricultural drainage of these chemicals, which play an important role in improving land productivity and food quality especially for the growing world population in developing countries, is seriously a risk for water ecosystems (Abhilash and Singh 2009; Zahran et al. 2018). Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are a widely used pesticide group due to their low persistence and high efficacy for Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Ayşegül Pala [email protected] 1
Fisheries Faculty, Department of Aquaculture, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
2
Fisheries Faculty, Department of Aquaculture, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
the destruction of insects and pests (Nataraj et al. 2017; Serdar 2019). And this group attracts special attention, as it accounts for about 50% of global insecticide used (Shittu et al. 2012; Narra et al. 2017). OP compounds show their toxic effects by
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