An Electrochemical Sensor for Fentanyl Detection Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrocatalyst and the Elect
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An Electrochemical Sensor for Fentanyl Detection Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrocatalyst and the Electrooxidation Mechanism Mostafa Najafia, *, Esmail Sohoulia, and Farimah Mousavib aDepartment
of Chemistry, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran *e-mail: [email protected]
b
Received January 16, 2018; revised October 7, 2018; accepted March 12, 2020
Abstract—The electrochemical behavior and determination of fentanyl as a strong analgesic drug was studied at the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The electrochemical determination of fentanyl was accomplished by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry after preconcentration under open circuit potential. The distribution of adsorbed MWCNTs on the surface of GCE was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Experimental parameters such as pH and accumulation conditions were optimized by monitoring the cyclic voltammetry responses toward fentanyl oxidation. Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode showed a wide linear dynamic range from 5 × 10–7 to 1 × 10–4 M with a detection limit of 1 × 10–7 M for the voltammetric determination of fentanyl. Also, a probable mechanism for the electrooxidation of fentanyl was proposed. The prepared electrode was successfully applied to the determination of fentanyl in presence of interferents and also in real samples such as pharmaceutical preparation, human serum and urine. Keywords: fentanyl, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, modified electrode, adsorptive stripping voltammetry DOI: 10.1134/S1061934820090130
Electrochemical methods are very useful for drug determination because of their high sensitivity and selectivity as well as their cheap and easy to use setup [1, 2]. Carbon-based electrodes are extensively used as working electrodes due to their cost-effective price and amplitude range. However, these electrodes have some disadvantages such as slow transition of electrons that can be solved by modifying the electrode surface. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry method is a powerful tool for trace determination of analytes with high sensitivity. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry is similar to anodic stripping voltammetry and cathodic stripping voltammetry except that the preconcentration step is not controlled by electrolysis but rather is accomplished by adsorption of analyte on the working electrode surface. Fentanyl is a potent synthetic narcotic. Its chemical name is 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-N-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (Scheme 1) and trade name is sublimates [3]. It was introduced as an intravenous anesthetic in 1960 [4]. Fentanyl has almost the same respiratory effect as morphine or meperidine, however, by the use of fentanyl, the respiration of healthy individual sooner returns to normal. On the other hand, fen-
tanyl has such effects as hypotension, flushed skin, blurred vision and nausea [5, 6].
N
N
O
Scheme 1. Chemical structure of fentanyl.
Various techniques
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