An Intensified Acrolein Exposure Can Affect Memory and Cognition in Rat
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An Intensified Acrolein Exposure Can Affect Memory and Cognition in Rat Mona Khoramjouy 1 & Nima Naderi 1 & Farzad Kobarfard 2 & Elmira Heidarli 1 & Mehrdad Faizi 1 Received: 30 June 2020 / Revised: 22 August 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Acrolein is a clear, colorless liquid and a highly reactive α, β-unsaturated aldehyde. Acrolein, a byproduct and initiator of oxidative stress, has a major role in the pathogenesis of disorders including pulmonary, cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Environmental or dietary exposure and endogenous production are common sources of acrolein. Widespread exposure to acrolein is a major risk for human health; therefore, we decided to investigate the neurological effects of acrolein. In this study, we used male Sprague-Dawley rats and exposed them orally to acrolein (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg/day) for 90 days and investigated the neurobehavioral and electrophysiological disturbances. We also assessed the correlation between neurotoxicity and CSF concentration of acrolein in the rats. The results showed that chronic oral administration of acrolein at 5 mg/kg/day impaired learning and memory in the neurobehavioral tests. In addition, acrolein decreased the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate in electrophysiological studies. Our data demonstrated that chronic oral exposure of acrolein at a dose of 5 mg/kg leads to a direct correlation between neurotoxicity and its CSF concentration. In conclusion, exposure to acrolein as a major pollutant in the environment may cause cognitive problems and may have serious neurocognitive effects on humans. Keywords Acrolein . Neurobehavioral . Electrophysiology . GC/MS . Memory
Introduction Lipid peroxidation or degenerative oxidation of fats has an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and disorders including atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, drug-induced toxicity, ischemic injury, and the aging process. Lipid peroxidation produces free radicals and induces lipid hydroperoxidation chain reactions which disrupt unsaturated fatty acids and changes them into smaller aldehyde and ketone fragments like malonaldehyde, acrolein, and 4hydroxynonenal. Acrolein (2-propenal) is the simplest fragment and is a reactive alpha, beta-unsaturated electrophilic aldehyde. It is a colorless or yellow liquid with a harsh smell, * Mehrdad Faizi [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2660 Vali-e-Asr Ave., Tehran 19919-53381, Iran
2
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
and it is volatile, toxic, and flammable. Acrolein has been commercially manufactured since 1940 (Butterfield et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2019; Esterbauer et al. 1991). It is used as an important intermediate in the production of acrylic acid and plastics, and i
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