An update and perspectives on the use of promoters in plant genetic engineering
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Ó Indian Academy of Sciences (0123456789().,-volV) (0123456789().,-volV)
Review An update and perspectives on the use of promoters in plant genetic engineering DIVYA KUMMARI1,2, SUDHAKAR REDDY PALAKOLANU1* , P B KAVI KISHOR3, POOJA BHATNAGAR-MATHUR1, PRASANTH SINGAM2, VINCENT VADEZ1 and KIRAN K SHARMA1 1
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, India 2
Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
3
Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research Deemed to be University, Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, India *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected], [email protected])
Genetically engineered plants have varied applications in agriculture for enhancing the values of food and feed. Genetic engineering aims to introduce selected genetic regions with desirable traits into target plants for both spatial and temporal expressions. Promoters are the key elements responsible for regulating gene expressions by modulating the transcription factors (TFs) through recognition of RNA polymerases. Based on their recognition and expression, RNA polymerases were categorized into RNA pol II and pol III promoters. Promoter activity and specificity are the two prime parameters in regulating the transgene expression. Since the use of constitutive promoters like Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S may lead to adverse effects on nontarget organisms or ecosystem, inducible/tissue specific promoters and/or the RNA pol III promoters provide myriad opportunities for gene expressions with controlled regulation and with minimum adverse effects. Besides their role in transgene expression, their influence in synthetic biology and genome editing are also discussed. This review provides an update on the importance, current prospects, and insight into the advantages and disadvantages of promoters reported thus far would help to utilize them in the endeavour to develop nutritionally and agronomically improved transgenic crops for commercialization. Keywords. CaMV35S promoter; constitutive promoters; synthetic promoters; genetic engineering; RNA pol II promoters; RNA pol III promoters; U3 promoter; U6 promoter
1. Introduction Promoters are gene switches located upstream of gene coding regions, which turn on and off the functional activity of genes and contain specific cis-acting elements which are binding targets for proteins involved in the
This article is part of the Topical Collection: Genetic Intervention in Plants: Mechanisms and Benefits. http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci
initiation and regulation of transcription. Promoters are molecular biological clocks crucial for choice of the targeted gene expression (Potenza et al. 2004), that act as key regulatory check points for transcription of genes that are recognized by transcription factors (TFs) (Smale and Kadonaga 2003). TFs bind to specific cis-acting elements present on the respective promoter sequences through RNA polymerase and regulate expression of t
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