An updated phylogenetic bioregionalization for the European fern flora
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ORIGINAL PAPER
An updated phylogenetic bioregionalization for the European fern flora Luciano Pataro1,2 • Rafael Molina-Venegas3 • Joaquı´n Calatayud4 Juan Carlos Moreno-Saiz1,5 • Miguel A´. Rodrı´guez3
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Received: 12 June 2020 / Revised: 12 November 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Biogeographic regions have been extensively used as reference units in macroecological studies and to prioritize biodiversity conservation efforts. However, classical bioregionalizations were delineated based on taxonomical similarity across space, and thus the importance of historical factors may have been underrated. This limitation may be particularly relevant for lineages with long and complex evolutionary histories, such as ferns. Here, we drew on an exhaustive distribution dataset including all fern species and subspecies of Europe (661 grid-cells of c. 110 9 110 km each), as well as a nearly complete molecular phylogeny to define fern phyloregions based on their phylogenetic relatedness. Also, we quantified the degree of specificity of individual phylogenetic clades to the phyloregions using a new index of geographical confinement based on phylogenetic diversity. Six distinct phyloregions were identified, with a primary divide between northeastern and south-western Europe. Both phylogenetic beta diversity and clade specificity were overall low, supporting the idea that dispersal limitation is not a major driver of fern distribution. Yet, the phylogenetic specificity analysis revealed that ancient fern lineages show preference for northern latitudes, which explained the northeast to southwest split of the territory. More than 40 years after the only bioregionalization analysis for the European fern flora, our study provides a fresh regional delineation that takes into account the evolutionary history of the group. In addition to classical bioregionalization approaches, our phylogenetic specificity index allowed us to elucidate the identity of the clades that ultimately shaped the bioregions, which might otherwise had remained obscure. Keywords Beta diversity Cluster analysis Phylogenetic turnover Phyloregions Phylogenetic specificity
Communicated by Daniel Sanchez Mata. Luciano Pataro and Rafael Molina-Venegas share first authorship. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-02002087-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Rafael Molina-Venegas [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Biodiversity and Conservation
Introduction Under the expectation of gaining insight on the mechanisms shaping species assemblages at broad scales, biogeographic regions have been extensively used as fundamental reference units in macroecological studies (e.g. Jønsson and Holt 2015; Calatayud et al. 2019) and to prioritize biodiversity conservation efforts (Montalvo-Mancheno et al. 2020). However, more classical
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