Analysis of Trace Element Concentrations and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Muscle Tissue of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shar
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Analysis of Trace Element Concentrations and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Muscle Tissue of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Rachel Somerville1 · Maya Fisher1 · Louise Persson1 · Samantha Ehnert‑Russo2 · James Gelsleichter2 · Gretchen Bielmyer‑Fraser1 Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Metals occur naturally in the environment; however, anthropogenic practices have greatly increased metal concentrations in waterways, sediments, and biota. Metals pose health risks to marine organisms and have been associated with oxidative stress, which can lead to protein denaturation, DNA mutations, and cellular apoptosis. Sharks are important species ecologically, recreationally, and commercially. Because they occupy a high trophic level, assessing muscle tissue metal concentrations in sharks may reflect metal transfer in marine food webs. In this study, concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, and zinc were measured in the muscle of Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Atlantic sharpnose shark) from 12 sites along the coast of the southeastern United States. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) also were examined in the muscle tissue of R. terraenovae. A total of 165 samples were analyzed, and differences in trace element bioaccumulation and enzyme activity were observed across sites. R. terraenovae samples collected from South Florida and South Carolina had the highest cumulative trace element concentrations whereas those collected from North Carolina and Alabama had the lowest cumulative concentrations. Trace element concentrations in shark muscle tissue were significantly correlated to antioxidant enzyme activity, particularly with glutathione peroxidase, suggesting that this enzyme may serve as a non-lethal, biomarker of metal exposure in R. terraenovae. This is one of the most extensive studies providing reference levels of trace elements and oxidative stress enzymes in a single elasmobranch species within the U.S. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00753-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rachel Somerville [email protected] Maya Fisher [email protected] Louise Persson [email protected] Samantha Ehnert‑Russo [email protected] James Gelsleichter [email protected] Gretchen Bielmyer‑Fraser [email protected] 1
Jacksonville University, 2800 University Blvd N, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA
University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
2
Metal pollution in the ocean has been a growing environmental concern over the past several decades (Hutton 1983; Garrett 2000; Tchounwou et al. 2012). Metals are primarily released into the environment by various anthropogenic sources, including: mining, logging, oil refining, urban development, industria
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