Analysis of urban land cover influence to organic carbon and nutrients in surface water via impacted groundwater
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Analysis of urban land cover influence to organic carbon and nutrients in surface water via impacted groundwater Katarzyna Puczko & Elżbieta Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk
Received: 7 August 2019 / Accepted: 14 January 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This paper presents an object-oriented approach for analysing and characterising the urban landscape structure and its influence on the quality of surface waters and shallow groundwater. We investigated springs, streams and ponds from an urban area. The land cover classification was adopted with the conceptual framework of urban land cover (HERCULES model). This study has demonstrated that water quality in the urban area is strongly related to land cover, and the degree of its transformation is not the same in all types of waters. The land with forests and shrubs does not have many extreme values in water chemical characteristics. Statistical analyses indicated that the main environmental factors influencing water chemistry are impermeable surfaces such as buildings. They are an essential element which deteriorates water quality. The patches with buildings and pavements were characterised by a wide gradient of nutrient concentration in rivers and ponds. Shallow groundwater had a limited effect on surface water quality. Keywords HERCULES model . Land cover . Nitrogen . Phosphorous . Surface water . Shallow groundwater K. Puczko (*) : E. Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
E. Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Humans have experienced rapid urban expansion. More than half of the world population now lives in cities, and approximately 5% of global land has been converted to urban areas (Kopecká et al. 2018; Grimm et al. 2008; Lutz et al. 2001). The sustainability of an increasingly urbanised world is closely related to the structure of urban landscapes characterised by combinations of different land cover types (Pan et al. 2017). Although urban land cover constitutes only a small percentage of global land, it significantly alters climate, hydrology and biogeochemistry at local, regional and global scales (Kampffmeyer et al. 2018). The relationship of land and water in urban areas is a complex of physical, ecological and social interactions (Cadenasso et al. 2008). Urban ecology treats an urban space as a heterogeneous ecological system (Willig and Scheiner 2011) with a combination of natural and engineered landscape elements (Pickett et al. 2013). Hybrid compositional elements of urban space with the proportion of vegetative cover, ground surfaces and built structures have been included in the High Ecological Resolution Classification for Urban Landscapes and Environmental Systems (Cadenasso et al. 2007). The model of urban space integrates built and natural components. It facilitates understanding the fine-scale structure of urban watersheds (Cadenasso et al. 2008). It is widely used in ecological researc
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