Annual crustal deformation based on GNSS observations between 1996 and 2016
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REVIEW PAPER
Annual crustal deformation based on GNSS observations between 1996 and 2016 Kamil Maciuk 1
&
Stanisław Szombara 1
Received: 29 September 2018 / Accepted: 22 October 2018 / Published online: 6 November 2018 # The Author(s) 2018
Abstract The article examines the quality of reprocessed GNSS data for determination of seasonal effect in a coordinates’ time series. The authors are looking for long-term changes of NEU components on the basis of weekly EPN solutions from the years 1996–2016. This is one of the first such in-depth studies using such a long time period and a large number of stations. Amplitude and its RMS values of fitting function are analysed. The analysis shows that there are significant repeatable coordinate variations: 4.7 mm, 2.9 mm and 8.3 mm for the dN, dE and dU components, respectively. The research also shows a group of coordinates’ time series with very small RMS values below the coordinates’ accuracy (1 mm for horizontal, 3 mm for vertical components), leading to a very good function fitting with relatively small amplitude magnitudes. The authors did not remark any connection with the above described phenomena and geographical location or type of setting up of a base station. Keywords Seasonal variation . Time series . GPS . GNSS . Crustal deformation
Introduction A growing number of permanent GNSS (global navigation satellite system) reference stations are excellent research tools for various geodetic and geodynamic areas. In the last 20–25 years, GPS (global positioning system) has been frequently used in various studies both as a main tool and as a support tool for conventional surveying methods. To date, satellite techniques are equated with the term ‘GPS’; currently, the term ‘GNSS’ is more appropriate due to the availability of three additional GNSS systems: the Russian global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou. The main research with GNSS solutions’ usage is earthquake effects (Levin et al. 2010; Rogozhin 2011; Zhang et al. 2014), crustal deformations (Cho and Kuwahara 2013; Bhu et al. 2014; Trofimenko and Bykov 2014; Bellone et al. 2016), tectonic plate activity (Hammond 2005; Uzel et al. 2013), velocity estimation
* Kamil Maciuk [email protected] Stanisław Szombara [email protected] 1
Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
(Kulachi 2000; Pospíšil et al. 2012), water vapour (Priego et al. 2016), volcanic activity (Miller et al. 2003; Caliro et al. 2004) and landslides (Kadirov et al. 2014; Komac et al. 2015; Capilla et al. 2016). The availability of a large number of permanent GNSS stations—such as the IGS (International GNSS Service), EPN (EUREF Permanent GNSS Network) and many other local network satellite solutions—increases the accuracy of classical geodetic techniques such as tachometry or levelling in relation to reducing cost and measurement results. The GNSS technique can detect tectonic movements on a regional scal
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