Antagonistic effects of native strains of the soil fungus Paecilomyces against gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan p
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Antagonistic effects of native strains of the soil fungus Paecilomyces against gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan parasites of pigs in Panama Ge´nesis Cruz1 • Lenin De Leo´n1 • Ariadna Bethancourt1 • Nivia Rı´os1 Rachel Krause2 • Nidia Sandoval1
•
Received: 14 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract A variety of gastrointestinal parasites naturally infect domestic pigs in Panama which may also occur as zoonotic infections in humans. Anthelmintic drug treatment, including mass drug administration, can lead to drug resistance, reflecting a need for alternatives. The objectives of this exploratory and observational study were: (1) to isolate and cultivate natives species of Paecilomyces from natural soils in Panama, and (2) to evaluate isolated strains for their capacity to parasitize endemic gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan parasites recovered from naturally infected domestic pigs by observing cultures for spore adhesion and hyphae penetration phases. Using microcultivation and inoculation techniques, four strains of Paecilomyces were isolated from three locations in Panama, out of which three successfully adhered to and penetrated free-living stages (eggs, cysts and oocysts) of Balantidium suis, coccidia, Trichuris suis and hookworm. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a nematophagous fungus such as Paecilomyces successfully infecting this range of gastrointestinal parasites, particularly protozoan parasites. Keywords Paecilomyces Nematophagous fungi Pigs Antagonistic effects Gastrointestinal nematodes Protozoan parasites Panama
& Rachel Krause [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitologı´a Ambiental (LIPAAM), University of Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
2
Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Canada
Introduction Incomplete treatment of gastrointestinal parasites with anthelmintics, particularly in the context of preventative chemotherapy and mass drug administration programs, has resulted in a rise in drug resistance in a variety of helminth species (Tinkler 2020). This has led to a search for alternative control measures, particularly biological controls. Unlike with anthelmintics, in which the goal is complete elimination of all parasites from the host, the objective of biological control is not to fully eliminate the target organisms, but rather to reduce their negative impacts by using ecological mechanisms to lower parasite populations below harmful levels (Gronvold et al. 1996; Narı´ et al. 2003; Sagu¨e´s et al. 2011; Maqbool et al. 2017). Diverse potential agents of biological control of parasitic nematodes may be found in natural soils, including bacteria, viruses, mites, and free-living nematodes, but the most promising of these are predatory fungi (Waller and Faedo 1996). Nematophagous fungi are widely distributed and naturally occurring in soils and other substrates. Their ability to survive in a variety of extreme climates and in conditions of low nutrient av
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