Cellular Defense Mechanisms Following Nanomaterial Exposure: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity
In response to the significant increase in nanotechnology over the last three decades, and the plethora of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) now becoming available, understanding as to how nano-sized particles may impact upon human health has become a domin
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Cellular Defense Mechanisms Following Nanomaterial Exposure: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity Stephen J. Evans, Gareth J. Jenkins, Shareen H. Doak and Martin J. D. Clift
Abstract In response to the significant increase in nanotechnology over the last three decades, and the plethora of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) now becoming available, understanding as to how nano-sized particles may impact upon human health has become a dominating area of research worldwide since the late 1990’s (Stone et al. in Environmental Health Perspectives, 2017) [1]. Whilst approaches constantly adapt to the increasing number and variety of ENMs produced for a plethora of different applications, the quantity of alternative physico-chemical characteristics, a key factor in the potential hazard of ENMs (Bouwmeester et al. in Nanotoxicology 5:1–11, 2011) [2], is further increasing in number and type.
10.1 Introduction In response to the significant increase in nanotechnology over the last three decades, and the plethora of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) now becoming available, understanding as to how nano-sized particles may impact upon human health has become a dominating area of research worldwide since the late 1990s [1]. Whilst approaches constantly adapt to the increasing number and variety of ENMs produced for a plethora of different applications, the quantity of alternative physico-chemical characteristics, a key factor in the potential hazard of ENMs [2], is further increasing in number and type. Although it is well documented which characteristics influence ENM toxicity, the precise mechanism by which this observed toxicity occurs is not fully understood [3]. Despite this, as a result of increased laboratory-based investigations that have been conducted over the last three decades [1], a number of specific paradigms have been formulated in order to deduce and define the potential (human health) hazard posed by ENMs.
S. J. Evans · G. J. Jenkins · S. H. Doak · M. J. D. Clift (B) In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 P. Gehr and R. Zellner (eds.), Biological Responses to Nanoscale Particles, NanoScience and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_10
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10.2 Paradigms in Particle Toxicology Of the three specific paradigms, also known as theory’s, the main one is the ‘oxidative stress paradigm’, which is discussed in the latter paragraphs. However, while the potential for ENMs to cause oxidative stress has been the basis for increased research since the advent of nanoparticle toxicology in the early 1990s [4], two further paradigm’s/theory’s also exist; the fibre paradigm [5, 6], and the theory of genotoxicity [7, 8]. The latter is predominantly based upon the oxidative stress paradigm; however, it moves on from determining an inflammatory response to assess what the stimulation of oxidative and inflammator
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