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REVIEW

Anti‑inflammatory Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria by Focusing on the Mechanisms of Action Maryam Tabarzad1   · Vahideh Atabaki2 · Tahereh Hosseinabadi2  Received: 7 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract Microalgae and cyanobacteria are the potentially valuable source of bioactive compounds applied in the various industries and human usage in different fields of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic disciplines. One of the interesting aspects is their application as the anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of inflammation related mal-conditions. Natural compounds are of great importance in the treatment of inflammations to reduce the reaction of immune system against pathogens, toxic compounds and damaged cells. A wide range of different metabolites with various chemical structures, including small molecules and peptides and proteins, polysaccharides, fatty acids and their derivatives have been found in microalgae and cyanobacteria which have anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, we summarized different metabolites with anti-inflammatory activity that were extracted from these microorganisms and their mechanisms. The bioactive compounds from microalgae and cyanobacteria have exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through different mechanisms acting intra- or extra- cellularly. So, they could be considered as promising anti-inflammatory agents in treatment of related diseases. Keywords  Microalgae · Cyanobacteria · Anti-inflammatory · Mechanism · Bioactive compound

Introduction Microalgae are one of the earliest microorganisms on the earth that humans have been using them in their diet for centuries. They include eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria with huge variety that can grow in diverse environments [1, 2], and live in extreme conditions including high or low temperature, light intensity, pH and salinity, etc.[3]. Their cultivation is simple; growth occurs in a short time and they can be an environmentally friendly way to discover new drugs [4]. Because of their ability to produce various primary and secondary metabolites, these organisms have been considered as therapeutic agents for many health disorders and other uses in the cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries [2, 3].

* Tahereh Hosseinabadi [email protected] 1



Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran



Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2

Microalgae have the potential for health promotion. Numerous biological effects have been reported from these microorganisms and their metabolites, including antihypertensive, analgesic, bronchodilator, antispasmodic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticoagulant activities and degenerative diseases treatment [4, 5]. For example, one of the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases i