Antibiotic Resistance in Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents and Effluent-Impacted Environments
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are likely the leading causes of antibiotic resistance accumulation in human pathogens, but it has in the last decade been recognized that the discharges from antibiotic manufacturing facilities can also contribute. Such
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ts 1 Introduction 2 Pharmaceutical Wastewaters and Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment 2.1 The Fate of Antibiotics in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Plants 2.2 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Plants 3 Impact of Industrial Discharges on the Receiving Environment 4 Case Study: Effects of Azithromycin Production Effluents on Aquatic Wildlife and Microbial Communities in Receiving Sava River (Croatia) 4.1 Chemical Pollution from Azithromycin Production Site and Effects on Biota 4.2 Effects on Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Communities in Sava River Sediments 5 Conclusions and Perspectives References
Abstract Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are likely the leading causes of antibiotic resistance accumulation in human pathogens, but it has in the last decade been recognized that the discharges from antibiotic manufacturing facilities can also contribute. Such discharges have repeatedly been shown to provide conditions where antibiotics reach concentrations that are selective for resistance enrichment. Manufacturing facilities and environments receiving their effluents are, therefore, key to determining the magnitude of antibiotic resistance, as well as identifying the critical control points to slow its emergence and spread. This chapter endeavours to review the recent research in the extent of pollution from antibiotic-producing A. Šimatović Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia N. Udiković-Kolić (*) Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] Celia M. Manaia, Erica Donner, Ivone Vaz-Moreira, and Peiying Hong (eds.), Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: A Worldwide Overview, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2019_389, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
A. Šimatović and N. Udiković-Kolić
factories and the effects of this pollution in the external environment. It also provides a case study in Croatia summarizing the discharges from the manufacturing of the antibiotic azithromycin and the subsequent impact these discharges caused to the receiving river. Keywords Antibiotic resistance, Environmental pollution, Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical effluent
1 Introduction There are growing concerns worldwide about the risk of antibiotic resistance arising from the anthropogenic releases of antibiotics into the environment. In contrast to the environmental releases from usage and excretion of drugs, direct discharges from pharmaceutical manufacturing have been identified as a source of much higher antibiotic concentrations, sometimes even in the order of mg/L [1–5]. This runs counter to the claims of the pharmaceutical industry that the discharge of antibiotics is unlikely, owing to the high cost of raw materials and, consequently, nonprofitable production in the case of substantial discharge of antibiotics as waste. This was probably one of the reasons why manufacturing sites were generally unexplored until more than 10 years ago. The first paper in t
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