Antibiotic Resistance in Soil
Exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from natural and agricultural ecosystems such as soil can significantly affect the dissemination of resistance determinants to the human microbiome. Soil contains a div
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 ARG Distribution in Soil 2.1 Natural ARGs in Soil 2.2 ARGs in Soil with Human Activity 3 Anthropogenic Sources of ARGs in Soil 3.1 ARGs from Manure 3.2 ARGs from Wastewater 3.3 ARGs from Sludge 3.4 ARGs from the Atmosphere 4 The Persistence of ARGs in Soil 5 The Transmission of ARGs in Soil to Groundwater and Underground Water 6 The Transmission of ARGs from Soil to Plant 7 Effect of Anthropogenic Activities and Natural Factors on Transmission of ARGs 7.1 Agricultural Regulation 7.2 Soil Properties 7.3 Environment Pollutants 8 Direct Relationships to Human Health 9 Technology for Reducing the Introduction of ARGs into Soil 9.1 Aerobic Compost 9.2 Anaerobic Digestion 9.3 Disinfection 10 Conclusions References
F. Wang (*) Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] J. M. Tiedje Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Celia M. Manaia, Erica Donner, Ivone Vaz-Moreira, and Peiying Hong (eds.), Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: A Worldwide Overview, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_562, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
F. Wang and J. M. Tiedje
Abstract Exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from natural and agricultural ecosystems such as soil can significantly affect the dissemination of resistance determinants to the human microbiome. Soil contains a diverse natural resistome and also serves as an important environmental reservoir for ARB and ARGs derived from water sources, aerosols, and sewage sludge. Soil microbiomes have been impacted worldwide by the use and overuse of antibiotics for anthropogenic activities (clinical use and livestock production) and agricultural practices (manure application and irrigation with wastewater). The dynamics and persistence of ARB and ARGs in soil are affected by soil management and environmental factors. Both abiotic and biotic factors (pH, temperature, organic matter, nutrient availability, and syntrophic, competing or antagonistic organisms) can act as driving forces for ARG fate, evolution, and horizontal gene transfer processes. Meanwhile, ARGs in soil may also be transferred to other environments, such as groundwater and the phytosphere. To tackle the potential threat of ARGs, treatment measures (aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, and disinfection) have been evaluated to reduce the selective pressure and import of ARGs into soil. Furthermore, the “One Health” approach was put forward to manage the development and dissemination of ARGs in a cross-disciplinary manner, to more holistically reduce human risk to the lowest level. Graphical Abstract
Keywords Antibiotics, Antibiotic resistance gene, One Health, Persistence, Resistome, Soil, Transmission
Antibiotic Resistance in Soil
1 Introduction N
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