Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance in Microorganisms: Molecular Mechanisms
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Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance in Microorganisms: Molecular Mechanisms A. G. Gabibov1,2, O. A. Dontsova1,2,3, and A. M. Egorov2,a* 1
Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia 2 Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia 3 Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143028 Skolkovo, Russia a email: [email protected] Received October 12, 2020 Revised October 12, 2020 Accepted October 12, 2020
Abstract—This issue of the Biochemistry (Moscow) journal presents reviews and experimental articles on the new strategies for solving the problem of antibiotic resistance and on the search for novel antimicrobial preparations using the methods of molecular biology, genetics, and nanotechnology. A wide variety of scientific approaches and successful (as a rule) research results give hope for overcoming microbial antibiotic resistance in the fight against infectious diseases. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297920110012 Keywords: antimicrobial drugs, resistance, recombinant technologies, new inhibitors
INTRODUCTION The emergence of stable antibiotics resistance of microorganisms is a global challenge of the XXI century [1]. The problem of overcoming drug resistance in the fight against infectious diseases attracts attention of researchers from different areas of science. Antibiotic resistance is associated with the fundamental features of microbial molecular biology. Biochemical processes responsible for the resistance to different antibiotics had emerged more than 2 billion years ago and have continu ously evolved since then. The development of antibiotic resistance has been ensured by the interspecies competi tion between microorganisms, resulting in the emergence of microbes producing hundreds of different types of antibiotics, as well as the appearance of a large number of protective mechanisms [2]. Antibiotics target various metabolic processes and cell structures, such as compo nents of the cell wall, peptidoglycan, genetic apparatus enzymes, ribosomes, and protein synthesis components. A complex of genes responsible for the resistance mecha nisms was termed “resistome”, and a complex of enzymes participating in antibiotic resistance – “enzystome” [3, 4]. These enzymes act as targets of antibacterial prepa rations, modify their structure, or change genetic targets of antibiotics in the cell. Antibiotics that affect protein * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
synthesis and ribosome structure are the most widely used group of antimicrobial preparations, however, the resist ance to them is due to the enzymatic modification of ribosomes [5, 6]. Approaches for overcoming antibiotic resistance include the development of various antimicrobial prepa rations with the employment of molecular biology, genet ics, and nanotechnology techniques, the search for new bacterial targets, genome regulation, and the use of bac teriophages and antimicrobial peptides and proteins. A creative momentum
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