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Dániel Z. Kádár* and Juliane House
Revisiting speech acts from the perspective of ritual: A discussion note https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2019-0002
Abstract: The aim of the present academic discussion note is to generate feedback on a recent project that revisits the nature of speech acts as analytic constructs for politeness theory. While speech act has been largely discredited in the field, we believe that they need to be kept in the core of politeness inquiries, in particular if we approach them in combination with other units of analysis. In addition, there are instances in which speech act unavoidably becomes the focal point of research. To discuss this latter notion, we introduce the concept of ritual frame and argue that speech act must be put in the core of an analysis if there is a tension between a ritual frame – an interactional scene in which rights and obligation prevail and the interactants are highly aware of who and where they are – and a particular speech act. As a case study, we examine reflections on an alleged apology in a recent Mixed Martial Arts match. Keywords: speech act, ritual frames, apology, politeness theory
1 Introduction In this discussion note, we are interested in revisiting the nature of speech acts as analytic constructs for linguistic politeness theory (in what follows, we subsume politeness and impoliteness under the comprehensive term ‘politeness’). Speech act has been largely discredited in the politeness field, following the ‘Discursive Turn’ (Eelen 2001; Watts 2003; Mills 2003). Notably, not all theorists entirely dismissed speech act: one may refer to Terkourafi’s work (2011), along with Grainger (2013), and of course Leech (2014). The major reason behind the criticisms of speech acts in politeness theory is that the operation of politeness is today largely associated with evaluation, and the idea that any focus on speech acts alone would unavoidably limit the scope of analysis to language production. However, there *Corresponding author: Dániel Z. Kádár, Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian, China; Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, E-mail: [email protected] Juliane House, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany; Hellenic American University, Athens, Greece, E-mail: [email protected]
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Dániel Z. Kádár and Juliane House
is a key issue that no politeness theory should ignore: criticisms of speech act have set out from the assumption that speech act should be understood as the default category of analysis. In this discussion note we want to suggest an alternative train of thought, namely that speech act can be effectively utilised as a legitimate analytic category in combination with other analytic notions. By doing so, we intend to draw the pragmatic research community’s attention to a major project we are involved in, which refocuses on speech acts and ritual as an endavour to reintegrate speech act into present-
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