Appearance Motives to Tan and Not Tan: Evidence for Validity and Reliability of a New Scale
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Appearance Motives to Tan and Not Tan: Evidence for Validity and Reliability of a New Scale Guy Cafri, M.A. & J. Kevin Thompson, Ph.D. & Megan Roehrig, Ph.D. & Ariz Rojas, M.A. & Steffanie Sperry, M.A. & Paul B. Jacobsen, M.A. & Joel Hillhouse, Ph.D.
Published online: 21 March 2008 # The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2008
Abstract Background Risk for skin cancer is increased by UV exposure and decreased by sun protection. Appearance reasons to tan and not tan have consistently been shown to be related to intentions and behaviors to UV exposure and protection. Purpose This study was designed to determine the factor structure of appearance motives to tan and not tan, evaluate the extent to which this factor structure is gender invariant, test for mean differences in the identified factors, and evaluate internal consistency, temporal stability, and criterion-related validity. Method Five-hundred eighty-nine females and 335 male college students were used to test confirmatory factor analysis models within and across gender groups, estimate latent mean differences, and use the correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha to further evaluate the reliability and validity of the identified factors.
G. Cafri : J. K. Thompson : M. Roehrig : A. Rojas : S. Sperry Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA P. B. Jacobsen Moffitt Cancer Center and Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA J. Hillhouse East Tennessee State University, Johnson, TN, USA G. Cafri (*) Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave. Tampa, Tampa, FL 33620, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Results A measurement invariant (i.e., factor-loading invariant) model was identified with three higher-order factors: sociocultural influences to tan (lower order factors: media, friends, family, significant others), appearance reasons to tan (general, acne, body shape), and appearance reasons not to tan (skin aging, immediate skin damage). Females had significantly higher means than males on all higher-order factors. All subscales had evidence of internal consistency, temporal stability, and criterion-related validity. Conclusions This study offers a framework and measurement instrument that has evidence of validity and reliability for evaluating appearance-based motives to tan and not tan. Keywords UVexposure . Tanning . Body image . Scale development . Skin cancer
Introduction The incidence of skin cancers has reached epidemic proportions in the United States; more than 1 million cases of basal and squamous cell carcinoma and 62,190 cases of malignant melanoma are expected to be diagnosed in 2006, resulting in a total of 10,710 deaths (7,910 from melanoma [1]). Research suggests that ultraviolet (UV) radiation through sun and sunbed/sunlamp exposure is a central risk factor for the development of skin cancers, but risk can be reduced through less UV exposure and sun protection [2]. A consistent finding in the literature is that a central reason for deliberate U
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