Application of alginate microparticles incorporating formalin-inactivated Streptococcus parauberis for oral vaccination
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Application of alginate microparticles incorporating formalin-inactivated Streptococcus parauberis for oral vaccination in olive flounder Kwang Il Kim 1
2
2
2
& Eun Young Min & Tae-Ho Kim & Hye Sung Choi & Hyun-Ja Han
2
Received: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 8 October 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
Streptococcus parauberis is an etiological agent that causes streptococcosis in fish, exerting a significant impact on aquaculture production. The available injectable vaccine against S. parauberis is commonly used in olive flounder species (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea. However, an oral alternative that overcomes the disadvantages of the injectable vaccine has long been desired in the aquaculture industry. Alginate-based microparticles have been widely used as delivery systems for oral administration in aquaculture. In the present study, we produced alginate microparticles encapsulating formalin-inactivated S. parauberis via ionic gelation, which remained stable under acidic conditions (pH 2 and 4) and at low temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C). Mixing the alginate– Gelzan complex with a commercial feed for ease of application induced a specific antibody response and exerted significant protective effects (relative survival rate: 50.0%) in small olive flounder fingerlings. Less pronounced protective effects were also observed in large fingerlings (relative survival rate: 37.5%), suggesting that protection against S. parauberis may be dependent on the size of the fish. Thus, our results indicate that alginate microparticles encapsulating an S. parauberis antigen can be used for initial vaccination in olive flounder at the fingerling stage. Keywords Alginate microparticle . Streptococcus parauberis . Olive flounder . Oral vaccine . Aquaculture . Fish
* Kwang Il Kim [email protected]
1
Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
2
Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
Aquaculture International
Introduction Olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) represent one of the most valuable fish species in Korea, accounting for 46.3% (approximately 37,000 tons) of cultured marine fish nationwide (KOSIS, Korean Statistical Information Service 2018). In Korea, cultured olive flounders are affected by several diseases during production, and recent studies have highlighted the potential for mortality due to scuticociliatosis, streptococcosis, viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), and emaciation disease (Sim et al. 2019). Streptococcosis is a more problematic bacterial disease that accounts for a significant proportion of mortality across fish species (Noga 2010). Streptococcus parauberis has been identified as an important etiological agent of streptococcosis in a few fish species, including turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and olive flounder (Domenech et al. 1996; Toranzo et al. 2005; Cho et al. 2007). Researchers have investigated various approaches for preventing disease outbreaks in aquatic animals, in
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